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    Digital Transformation Mode and Strategy of SMEs in China
    WANG Baicun, ZHU Kailing, XUE Yuan, BAI Jie, ZANG Jiyuan, XIE Haibo, YANG Huayong,
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (14): 1756-1763.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.14.013
    Abstract615)      PDF (5220KB)(451)       Save
    Promoting the digital transformation of SMEs was of great significance for Chinas manufacturing industries to improve quality and increase efficiency. SMEs were facing problems in digital transformation, such as high cost, fuzzy path, talent shortage, and lacking analytical framework and reference paradigm for digital transformation. The key factors to achieve digital transformation were clarified by building an analytical framework for SMEs digital transformation herein. Through case studies, 4 basic path models of digital transformation of SMEs were summarized and proposed. Based on the above researches, targeted suggestions were proposed for SMEs digital transformation in China, so as to promote the digital and intelligent development of SMEs.
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    Evolution of Concept of Machine Composition from the 19th Century to Modern Time
    ZHANG Ce, YANG Tingli, LIU Jianqin
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (10): 1135-1139.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.10.001
    Abstract404)      PDF (2405KB)(409)       Save
     With increasing of productivity and development of machines, the concept of “machine composition” also evolved. The requirements of modern society for machines were gradually increasing, and complex machines came from the transformation of traditional machines. Understanding the evolution of machines was a necessary process for the transformation of traditional machines. Marx first described the composition of machines in his Das Kapital, which coincided with the start of the Second Industrial Revolution. However, within only a few years, the control system joined a machine, and Marxs “concept of machine composition” began to be broken through. In the second half of the 20th century, in the Third Scientific and Technological Revolution, the concept of mechatronics emerged, and electronic technology, control technology and sensor technology were integrated into mechanical systems. The evolution processes of the concept of machine composition were explained through the history of the development of machines herein. By analyzing the evolution of the concept of machine composition, a more accurate definition of modern mechanical systems was put forword. It may enlighten people, increase their understanding of the machine itself, which has guiding significance for modern mechanical product designers. 
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    Pivot Steering Control of Off-road Vehicles Driven by In-wheel Motors
    FU Xiang, LIU Zexuan, , LIU Daoyuan, LI Dongyuan,
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (10): 1251-1259.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.10.015
    Abstract232)      PDF (6293KB)(297)       Save
    In order to solve the problems of large minimum turning radius and inadequate steering maneuverability of Ackermann steering-based off-road vehicles, a road adaptive pivot steering control strategy was developed by taking advantages of the independent control of vehicle torque driven by in-wheel motors. A seven-degree-of-freedom pivot steering dynamics model was constructed to explain the evolution of the longitudinal and transverse coupled motion tire forces during pivot steering, and a quantitative model was established to quantify the pivot steering resistance moment and transverse sway moment with wheel slip rate and road adhesion coefficient. The desired trajectory of transverse sway angular velocity under different adhesion conditions was designed with steering power responsiveness as the optimization objective, and the safety threshold of each wheel slip rate was used as the stability constraint to reduce the steering center offset. The executive layer tracked the transverse angular velocity based on the model prediction algorithm, while the adaptive sliding mode controller was introduced to adjust the wheel slip rate to ensure the stability of the longitudinal and transverse motions. Simulation tests and real vehicle tests show that the developed pivot steering control strategy achieves accurate tracking of the desired pivot steering trajectory under high, medium and low adhesion surfaces, and limits the steering center offset to within 500 mm, which improves the pivot steering flexibility and lateral stability of the off-road vehicles and realizes "fast and stable" pivot steering. 
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    Research Progresses of Superhydrophobic Surface Processing Technology and Abrasion Resistance
    HUANG Yun, HUANG Jianchao, XIAO Guijian, LIU Shuai, LIN Ouchuan, LIU Zhenyang
    China Mechanical Engineering    2024, 35 (01): 2-26.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2024.01.001
    Abstract233)      PDF (50387KB)(297)       Save
    The abrasion resistance of currently prepared superhydrophobic surfaces is generally poor, which limite the applications in various fields. Studied results found that micro-nano structure and low surface energy were the key factors to achieve superhydrophobic properties. Firstly, based on the mechanism of superhydrophobic surface, the superhydrophobic surface texture was summarized, aiming to solve the wear-prone challenge of micro-nano structures by optimizing the surface texture. Secondly, the superhydrophobic surface processing technology was summarized, and measures to reduce surface energy were analyzed in terms of cost and efficiency which might provide ideas for expanding the superhydrophobic surface processing system. Then, the means of analyzing the abrasion resistance of superhydrophobic surfaces were concluded in detail and the methods of improving the abrasion resistance of superhydrophobic surfaces were described. Finally, the future development prospects of abrasion resistant superhydrophobic surfaces was prospected, with a view to promote the large-scale applications of superhydrophobic surfaces in engineering.
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    Patent Data Driven Product Innovation Design Based on SAO
    LIN Wenguang, LIU Xiaodong, XIAO Renbin
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (15): 1765-1777.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.15.001
    Abstract301)      PDF (5241KB)(296)       Save
    The patent data-driven product innovation design method was proposed based on SAO using big data mining technology. Firstly, semantic dependency parsing was used to mine the SAO structure and interaction relationships among product components from patent text databases. Subsequently, a complex network knowledge model was constructed for product systems, and the constraint coefficients of components in the complex network were calculated by using structural hole theory to identify the innovative target components. Then, the semantic similarity coefficients of components were calculated using Word2Vec, and the functional similarity coefficients were calculated using SAO similarity algorithm. And the recommendation algorithm and combination matrix were integrated to achieve structural innovation, functional innovation, and functional optimization. Finally, a typical bathroom shower product was taken as an example to demonstrate the method in detail, which fully verifies the effectiveness and progressiveness of the method. 
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    Design and Experimental Study of a Flexible Winding Forming System for Carbon Fiber Reinforced Carbon/Carbon Crucible Preform
    WANG Zheng, DONG Jiuzhi, CHEN Yunjun, JIANG Xiuming,
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (10): 1184-1190,1198.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.10.007
    Abstract249)      PDF (5668KB)(291)       Save
    In order to solve the problems of product consistency and low production efficiency caused by manually reinforced carbon/carbon crucible preforms, a flexible winding forming system of carbon fiber reinforced crucible preform was proposed. The line type design process of crucible core die for special rotary body structure with one end plane head and one end ellipsoid head was presented based on the non-geodesic method. Each module and implementation method of computer aided line type design were introduced, and the design line type was simulated. A special winding machine with four degrees of freedom was designed according to the winding characteristics. The control system of four-axis winding machine was designed based on programmable controller and touch screen, and the winding tests were carried out. It is indicated that the winding machine runs stably and the fiber may be wound continuously and stably on the surfaces of the core die, and the system may realize automatic winding of carbon fiber reinforced carbon/carbon crucible preforms. 
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    Research on Underwater Gliders Path Tracking Based on Reinforcement Learning Algorithm
    SHI Qingqing, ZHANG Runfeng, ZHANG Lianhong, , LAN Shiquan,
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (09): 1100-1110.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.09.011
    Abstract278)      PDF (6340KB)(281)       Save
    Aiming at the large deviations between the actual paths and the predetermined ones of underwater gliders affected by ocean current, a neural network ocean current prediction model with long-term and short-term memory and attention mechanism was established based on the traditional long-term and short-term memory network model.The dynamic Q-table of underwater glider motions was generated by depth neural network, and the optimal motion attitude was selected by reinforcement learning algorithm. Considering the influences of ocean current, an underwater glider path tracking algorithm was constructed based on depth reinforcement learning. The results show that the long-term and short-term memory network based on attention mechanism has less mean square errors and root mean square errors in ocean current prediction than that of the traditional integrated moving average autoregressive model and long-term and short-term memory network.Compared with the traditional PID control, the deep reinforcement learning model may reduce the root mean square errors of the underwater glider trajectory by 50.9%, and significantly improve the path tracking accuracy.
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    Human Factor Engineering for Human-Cyber-Physical System Collaboration in Intelligent Manufacturing
    YANG Xiaonan, FANG Haonan, LI Jianguo, XUE Qing
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (14): 1710-1722,1740.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.14.008
    Abstract489)      PDF (5740KB)(261)       Save
    The theoretical system of intelligent manufacturing for HCPS confirmed the central position of human in the intelligent manufacturing system. Starting from the demand of human-machine collaboration in the intelligent manufacturing system, the emphases of human factors in HCIM were discussed from three levels such as behavior, intention, and cognition, based on the theory of gulf. Focusing on virtual-real fusion scenarios, multimodal human-machine interaction, cognitive quantification and other methods, the importance of human factor engineering in promoting the integration of human-computer intelligence was expounded. Finally, research direction and development suggestions of human-centered intelligent manufacturing from the implementation of HCPS intelligent manufacturing systems were put forward.
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    Finite Element Analysis for Extrusion, Assembly and Loosening Processes of Hi-lock Nuts
    ZHANG Jingdong, DENG BoGUI Xuewen, LI Jian, LIAO Ridong
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (12): 1387-1394,1406.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.12.001
    Abstract338)      PDF (12625KB)(257)       Save
     The FE(finite element) modeling method of UNJ threaded hi-lock nuts was investigated, and a modeling program was written to generate structured meshes, through which the fine FE meshed model was established. The extrusion process, assembly process and loosening behavior under transverse loads of hi-lock nuts were simulated by finite element method(FEM), and the simulated locking torque was verified by tightening tests. The simulation results show that within a certain range, the maximum radial displacement and the locking torque of the hi-lock nuts are linearly related to the extrusion amount approximately. With the extrusion amount increases, the maximum radial displacement and the locking torque both increase. The higher the locking torque of the hi-lock nuts, the better the anti-loosening performance. However, there is an optimal value of the extrusion amount for the anti-loosening performance. Once the extrusion amount exceeds the optimum value, increasing the amount of extrusion does not have a significant effect on the improvement of the anti-loosening performance.
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    Rotating Eddy Current Testing for Inspection of Cracks at Hole Edge
    ZHU Yulong, ZHAO Yingsong, FANG Yang, CHEN Hongen, CHEN Zhenmao,
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (08): 883-891.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.08.001
    Abstract307)      PDF (6432KB)(255)       Save
     Rotating eddy current testing method was applied for reliable ECT of cracks at the cooling hole edge of gas turbine blades. At first, a numerical simulation scheme and code were developed, and numerical results show that the method might find cracks by amplitude modulated rotating ECT. A rotation ECT probe and a inspecting system were designed to inspect test-pieces with cooling holes and cracks at their edges. The consistency of experimental ones and simulation results show that the proposed numerical simulation scheme and rotating ECT are effective for detecting the hole edge cracks. 
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    Study on Unbalanced Meshing Loads of Planetary Gear Transmission under Heavy-load Conditions
    TAN Jianjun, LI Hao, YANG Shuyi, ZHU Caichao, SONG Chaosheng, SUN Zhangdong
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (13): 1513-1524.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.13.001
    Abstract239)      PDF (24327KB)(249)       Save
     To study the gear tooth load distribution affected by the multi-flexible body deformations of planetary gear transmission under heavy-load conditions, a coupled dynamics modeling method of planetary gear transmission that taken into account the structural flexibility and dynamic contact of gear pair was proposed. Taking a certain type of megawatt-class wind turbine gearbox planetary gear train as the research object, according to the ring gear, carrier, and their boundary characteristics, the finite element reduction theory was used to establish the correlations between the ring gear teeth, carriers coupling points and the corresponding elastic supports, and the dynamic load-contact of the gear pair was used as the interface coordination condition to couple these components, to establish the planetary gear transmission coupling dynamics model. The phenomenon of unbalanced meshing loads and the effects of structural parameters on the meshing characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the comprehensive bending moment acting on the planet gear and the asymmetric structural deformations of the carrier pin are the main causes of the unbalanced meshing loads, and the resonance of the system will aggravate this phenomenon. In the resonance region, the dynamic meshing stiffness differs greatly from the static meshing stiffness. Increasing the carrier pin stiffness and the helix angle may improve the meshing condition and reduce the system vibration in the resonance region. But in low-speed region, that is not good for system vibration absorption. Increase of the rigidity of the carriers connecting plate may keep the systems vibration state in the low-speed region, and reduce the system vibration in the resonance region. 
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    High Rigidity and Lightweight Design of Purlins in Photovoltaic Tracker Bracket
    DONG Xiaohu, WANG Shitao, ZHOU Dechun
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (10): 1207-1213.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.10.010
    Abstract276)      PDF (5559KB)(243)       Save
    In the intelligent photovoltaic tracker brackets, cold-formed purlins were used to support the photovoltaic panels, and located spannig the horizontal single-axis and the module frame. Firstly, the minimum compliance of the structures was taken as the target and relative densities of elements were taken as the design variables, and the topology optimum design models were constructed under the given volume and the first natural frequency constraints. Optimal material distributions of the purlins were obtained based on SIMP (solid isotropic material with penalization) method, and this topology optimization structure was engineering designed and manufactured. Then, test load conditions were designed according to the practical environment where the photovoltaic tracker brackets were applied under different wind loads. The static and dynamic finite element analyses of the original and optimized purlins were carried out respectively, the simulation results show that the optimized purlins are improved in terms of bending resistance, torsion resistance, and natural frequency. Thus, the effectiveness of the optimization design method is verified. After that, the optimal purlins whose mass is reduced by 8.8% were also manufactured by engineering methods, and the mechanics performances were verified by the experiments. 
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    Study on Design of Wheel-leg Deformable Wheel and Vehicle Control
    GENG Xueqing, WU Mengwu, HUA Lin,
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (12): 1446-1452.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.12.007
    Abstract249)      PDF (6422KB)(242)       Save
     In view of the demands of vehicle mobility and obstacle-crossing ability in complex terrain and road conditions, a deformable wheel structure was designed with the characteristics of switching between wheeled and legged states under different terrain and road conditions. The design principle of the deformable wheel was introduced and the structural parameters were calculated and optimized, the maximum diameter ratio of the wheel-leg deformable wheel was obtained. A set of simple and effective wheel-leg deformation control system was also designed. And then the vehicle layout design and movement process analysis was carried out. Finally, a prototype vehicle platform was made to verify the mobility and obstacle-crossing ability by physical experiments. The results show that the deformable wheel may be quickly and intelligently switched between wheeled and legged types, which enables the vehicle to run stably on both structured and unstructured roads, resulting in a high mobility and obstacle-crossing ability of the vehicle system.
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    Robot Welding Trajectory Planning and High Frequency Control for Curved Seams
    WU Chaoqun, ZHAO Song, LEI Ting
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (14): 1723-1728.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.14.009
    Abstract464)      PDF (6070KB)(231)       Save
    In a robotic real-time seam tracking system, the trajectory planning and control delay affected the tracking accuracy and welding quality. To solve this problem, a piecewise real-time trajectory planning and control method for curved seams was proposed by combining B-spline curve interpolation algorithm and EGM module. Firstly, the trajectory was segmented according to the principle of optimal interpolation time. Secondly, three times non-uniform B-spline was used to interpolate each trajectory to obtain the interpolation points. Finally, the high-frequency controller of the robot was designed. The interpolation points were sent to the robot by EGM module in a cycle of 4 ms to guide the robot movements. The experimental results show that this method may complete the planning of sine curve weld and guide the robot welding in 100 ms, and the tracking errors were controlled within ±0.2 mm, which realizes the rapid trajectory planning and high-frequency control.
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    Multi Tooth Meshing Characteristics and Load Bearing Contact Analysis Method of Cycloidal-pin Wheels
    WANG Yongqiang, WEI Bingyang, XU Jiake, YANG Jianjun
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (10): 1151-1158.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.10.003
    Abstract289)      PDF (4467KB)(231)       Save
     The tooth profile equations of cycloidal gear were derived by the envelope methods, and the tooth surface contact parameters were obtained. An accurate algorithm for the geometry analysis of the backlash was proposed, which solved the defects that the traditional backlash algorithm might only be used for the constant displacement modification. The tooth by tooth clearance elimination methods were used to solve the deformation compatibility equation, which avoided the error and uncertainty of conventional meshing analysis and improved the calculation accuracy and efficiency of load-bearing contact analysis. The complete calculation flow from tooth surface contact analysis to load contact analysis was given, and the accurate load parameters of any angle position and different modification methods were obtained. 
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    A Bionic Bouncing Robot Design and Made Inspired by Locusts
    WANG Kaidi, CHEN Suifan, TANG Wei, QIN Kecheng, LI Qipeng, YANG Zhan, LIU Yang, ZOU Jun
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (24): 2946-2951.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.24.006
    Abstract202)      PDF (3896KB)(218)       Save
     In order to improve the mobility of small robots and increase the diversity of movement gait, a jumping robot imitating locust bouncing was designed based on the body structure and movement mechanism of locusts, and the main body was made by 3D printing. And for reproducing the locusts bouncing mechanism, a torsion spring was installed at the joints of the robot body to simulate the locusts SLP(semilunar energy storage) mechanism. When the robot met an obstacle, the torsion spring released the stored elastic potential energy and generated a ground reaction force, which realized the robots bouncing and thus crossed the obstacle. The robot might imitate the locusts jumping actions, and simulate the locusts flexibility to a certain extent. It was experimentally verified that the robot has good jumping performance, with a jumping distance of up to 100 cm and a jumping height of up to 120 cm which is about 15 times of the own length.
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    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (14): 1-.  
    Abstract171)      PDF (69666KB)(212)       Save
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    Energy-efficient Job Shop Scheduling with Variable Lot Splitting and Sublots ntermingling Based on Multi-objective Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm
    XIE Fawu, LI Lingling, LI Li, HUANG Yangpeng
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (13): 1576-1588,1598.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.13.007
    Abstract199)      PDF (3786KB)(209)       Save
     For solving the lot streaming job shop scheduling, a strategy was presented integrating variable sublots splitting and sublots intermingling, and a multi-objective optimization model of lot streaming scheduling was established to minimize the energy consumption and makespan. An improved multi-objective hybrid evolutionary algorithm was presented. In order to balance the global and local searching ability of the algorithm, the population updating mechanism of the Jaya algorithm was incorporated into the decomposition based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm. Considering the scheduling characteristics of variable lot splitting and sublots intermingling, a local searching strategy was designed integrating lot splitting/merging with critical path. The performance of the proposed algorithm and the state-of-the-art algorithms were compared under a set of instances of different scales. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has good performance on the convergence and distribution of Pareto solution sets. Moreover, the proposed variable lot splitting and sublots intermingling strategy may effectively reduce the energy consumption and makespan. 
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    Multi-objective Robust Optimization Design Method Based on Adaptive Incremental Kriging Model
    TIAN Zongrui, ZHI Pengpeng, YUN Guoli, GUO Xinkai, GUAN Yi
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (08): 931-940.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.08.007
    Abstract247)      PDF (9011KB)(208)       Save
    A multi-objective robust optimization design method of adaptive incremental Kriging model was proposed. Firstly, according to the structural characteristics and optimization objectives, the incremental Kriging surrogate model was constructed, and a hybrid sampling strategy was proposed to improve the adaptability of the incremental Kriging surrogate model. Secondly, the Cauchy mutation MOPSO(CMMOPSO) algorithm was proposed. By improving the inertia weight factor, individual learning factor and social learning factor, and introducing the Cauchy mutation strategy, the efficiency and precision of the optimization model were improved. Finally, an optimization model was constructed with the structural parameters as the design variables, the standard deviation of the performance indicators as the objective, and the 3σ variable reduction interval as the constraint. The optimal solutions of multi-objective robust optimization were obtained combining CMMOPSO and grey correlation analysis. Analysis results of the example show that the proposed method may obtain a high-precision structural optimization model with fewer performance function calls, and the optimization results have faster convergence rate and better robustness than that of traditional methods.
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    Ultrasonic Impact Strengthening of Titanium Alloys:State-of-the-art and Prospectives
    ZHA Xuming, YUAN Zhi, QIN Hao, XI Linqing, ZHANG Tao, JIANG Feng
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (19): 2269-2287.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.19.001
    Abstract265)      PDF (36447KB)(205)       Save
    This review started with the introduction to the principles and research progresses of the ultrasonic impact strengthening technology for titanium alloys. The influences of the properties of titanium alloys were investigated, which was associated with the different parameters of ultrasonic impact strengthening processes(static pressure, ultrasonic amplitude and numbers of rolling). Results show that the optimization of different processing parameters has a significant improvement on the performance strengthening of the titanium alloys. However, there is a critical value of the different processing parameters. Once the critical values are exceeded, continuing to increase the parameter values will reduce the service performance of the titanium alloys. Finally, the difficulties of ultrasonic impact strengthening technology which used in the engineering applications were summarized. Combined with the development of intelligent manufacturing, the future development of ultrasonic impact strengthening technology was prospected. 
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    Calculation Method of LCA Parameters for Green Design and Assessment Collaboration of Electromechanical Products
    YAN Meng, LI Tao, YANG Chen, WANG Mingyu, YANG Dongdong
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (12): 1453-1464.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.12.008
    Abstract185)      PDF (7115KB)(198)       Save
    In order to collaboratively analyze the green design and assessment processes of electromechanical products, the correlation mapping between green design and life cycle stages was established using the modeling method of multi-domain correlation of product design domain, life cycle activity domain and environmental impact assessment domain. The life cycle activity domain was correlated with the environmental impact assessment domain through the calculation method of life cycle assessment parameters.The LCA calculation tool was developed, and the calculation method of LCA parameters was applied to the whole life cycle stage of product green design. When the green design information was changed, just adjusting the corresponding parameters in the calculation tool, the environmental impact could be obtained after the design information was changed in real time, so as to help designers to re-design the product to green design. CWT3300D-165 wind turbine was used as a typical electromechanical product for application verification, and a product structure tree was established to calculate the environmental impact of the whole machine, components and parts of the product. From the calculation results, it may be seen that the two first-level components, foundation and nacelle, have the most serious environmental impact and need to focus on greenness in the product design stages and improve the green design scheme.
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    Analysis of Causes for Rail Corrugation on Steel Spring Floating Slab Tracks of Metro Small Radius Curves
    WANG Zhiqiang, LEI Zhenyu
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (24): 2899-2908.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.24.001
    Abstract199)      PDF (10660KB)(193)       Save
     In order to explore the causes of corrugation on the steel spring floating slab track with the small radius curves of metro, the formation processes of rail corrugation were explained from the perspective of wheel-rail stick-slip vibrations. Firstly, according to the basic situation of the line, a three-dimensional finite element model of wheelset-floating slab track was established. Then, the wheel-rail contact stick-slip features and rail longitudinal wear characteristics were analyzed using the above model to quantify the occurrence trend of corrugation. Finally, the relationship between the natural vibration properties of wheel-rail system and the formation of corrugation was studied based on the complex modal theory. The results show that the stick-slip distribution of the inside wheel-rail interface changes periodically during the operation of the wheelset, indicating that the inside wheel-rail system has experienced periodic stick-slip vibrations, which may lead to periodic wavy wear on the inner rails, and finally form rail corrugation; the stick-slip distribution of the outside wheel-rail interface has not changed significantly in general, which indicates that there is no stick-slip vibrations in the outside wheel-rail systems, so it is not easy to form rail corrugation. In the longitudinal direction of the rail, the slip of the inner rail is significantly greater than that of the outer rail, illustrating that the longitudinal wear of the inner rail is greater; in the transverse direction of the rail, there is little difference between the slip of inner and outer rails, illustrating that the transverse wear of inner and outer rails is similar. The distribution of longitudinal and transverse slip nephograms of inner and outer rails shows a certain degree of periodicity, especially the longitudinal slip nephogram of the inner rail, with a wavelength of 28 mm close to the measured corrugation wavelength of 25 mm, which is consistent with the periodic characteristics of the contact stick-slip state of the inside wheel-rail interface, and further shows that the inner rail is more prone to serious periodic wear, namely rail corrugation. Combining the analysis results of wheel-rail contact stick-slip and wear features and wheel-rail system vibration characteristics, it may be concluded that the inner rail corrugation on the floating slab track with the small radius curves of metro is caused by the stick-slip vibrations induced by the unstable vibration modes of wheel-rail system corresponding to 664.1 Hz and 665.8 Hz, and the unstable modes are all presented as the bending vibrations of the inner wheel relative to the track. The sensitivity analysis of parameters indicates that properly increasing the vertical stiffnesses of the fastener and the steel spring may play a positive role in the control of corrugation.
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    Assessment Method of Environmental Impact of Casting Processes Based on Digital Twin
    GU Zhenyu, HE Yi, LI Dongyang
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (12): 1465-1475.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.12.009
    Abstract239)      PDF (4109KB)(190)       Save
    Focusing on the new needs of foundry enterprises to carry out process environmental impacts and carbon emission evaluations, and addressing the issues of consistent management of dynamic data in dynamic evaluations of processes, the casting processes were taken as the research object and the digital twin technologies were introduced into the assessments of the environmental impacts and carbon emissions of the casting processes. A digital twin model of the casting processes for environmental impact assessments was constructed and integrated into the basic process of LCA evaluation, and a digital twin-based method for environmental impact assessments of the casting processes was proposed. By evolving from twin models to instance models and instance twins, the consistency of the process data structure was ensured, while the dynamic scene data carrying was realized by generating instance twins of different stages, and the management of dynamic process data was realized. Finally, the application of the proposed method in the environmental impact assessments of the processes was illustrated by the example of the 3.5-ton carrier V-normal casting processes in a foundry.
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    Yaw Rate Calculation and Vehicle Stability Control Considering Tire Nonlinearity
    MIN Delei, TONG Ruting, WEI Yintao
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (21): 2521-2530.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.21.001
    Abstract225)      PDF (7794KB)(185)       Save
    Based on the nonlinear tire model, an accurate yaw rate calculation method was proposed to calculate the accurate yaw rate and applied to vehicle stability control. Tire nonlinearity was characterized by the brush model. The equivalent stability factor was obtained by perturbation analysis, and the accurate analytical solution of the yaw rate was obtained. The analysis of the existence of analytical solutions indicates that tire nonlinearity may impact vehicle stability. Real vehicle tests and control simulations based on vehicle models show that considering tire nonlinearity may effectively improve the calculation accuracy of the steady-state yaw rate as the target parameter, and improve the effect of vehicle stability control. 
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    SOC Estimation of Lithium-ion Batterys Based on Second-order Approximation Extended Kalman Filter
    DUAN Linchao, ZHANG Xugang, ZHANG Hua, SONG Huawei, AO Xiuyi
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (15): 1797-1804.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.15.004
    Abstract225)      PDF (4607KB)(180)       Save
    To improve the accuracy of battery SOC estimation, a higher order EKF algorithm was used to estimate SOC. Firstly, the first-order Thevenin equivalent circuit model(ECM) of lithium-ion battery was established, and the function relationship between open circuit voltage(OCV) and SOC was expressed by spline function. In order to more accurately identify the ECM parameters, a new kind of with VFFRLS algorithm was proposed for on-line identification of model parameters. Since the accuracy of the VFFRLS solution depended on the setting of the initial values of the algorithm, the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm was used to obtain the initial parameters of ECM, which helped to obtain more accurate initial values of VFFRLS. Finally, the second-order EKF was employed to estimate the SOC of the batterys to improve the estimation accuracy. Two different datasets were used to demonstrate the universality of second-order EKF estimation SOC. The experimental results indicate that the mean absolute error(MAE) of second-order EKF is within 1% when estimating SOC under different working conditions, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed method. 
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    Flexible Skin-shaped Optical Fiber Reconstruction Method for Allomorphic Aircrafts
    WANG Yuanfeng, ZHU Lianqing, HE Yanlin, ZHOU Kangpeng,
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (15): 1873-1880.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.15.012
    Abstract181)      PDF (5104KB)(179)       Save
     Large-scale deformation monitoring of allomorphic aircrafts in the flight processes was a research difficulty and hot spot in the aerospace field, and the existing methods were difficult to achieve high-precision three-dimensional deformation monitoring during the flight of the aircrafts. Aiming at this problem, a flexible skin-shaped fiber reconstruction method for a variant aircraft was proposed based on optical fiber sensing to achieve deformation monitoring during flight of the aircrafts. Based on the principle of fiber grating strain sensing, the relationship between fiber strain and curvature was derived, the conversion matrix between the local coordinate system and the global coordinate system of optical fiber sensing was established, the conversion of fiber measurement point coordinates to the global coordinate system was realized, and the three-dimensional deformation reconstruction algorithm was studied based on curve fitting according to the spatial curve fitting method. At the same time, in order to reduce the measurement errors of the fiber optic sensors, the calibration tests of the fiber optic sensors were carried out to obtain the strain sensitivity of the sensors. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, the three-dimensional deformation reconstruction of flexible skin samples under different curvatures was tested experimentally. Experimental results show that the average error of the shape reconstruction method is as 3.5% and the minimum error is less than 2.1% in the deformation ranges of 0~15.38 m-1 curvature of flexible skin samples. The proposed method has a good application prospect in aerospace and other fields. 
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    Analysis of Action Mechanism of Influencing Factors of Roll Forming Force
    HAN Fei, LI Chong
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (08): 993-999,1006.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.08.014
    Abstract208)      PDF (6968KB)(178)       Save
    In order to study the influencing factors of forming forces, a roll forming simulation model with 6 stands was established according to the constant radius forming method.  Through experiments, the forming forces of different sheets were measured in each stand, and the hardness of the same position at the corner after deformation of the same sheet was measured.  The effects of flange width, work-hardening, and sheet thickness on forming force were analyzed.  The results show that the forming force increases unobvious with the increase of board width; the forming force is approximately proportional to the square of sheet thickness; forming force and hardness at the corner show the same changing law. 
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    Simulation and Experimental Study of Contact-collision of Inner Braced Manipulators for Grasping Thin-walled Fragile Cylindrical Inner Wall Workpieces
    WANG Liangwen, KONG Yangguang, WANG Ruolan, ZHANG Zhigang, LIU Xuling, LI Linfeng,
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (17): 2026-2036.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.17.002
    Abstract195)      PDF (12730KB)(178)       Save
    Aiming at the operation demands grasping the thin-wall fragile parts in industrial production, an inner braced working manipulator configuration with finger-palm collaborative features was proposed. In order to find the appropriate operational parameters of the manipulators fingers, and explore the stress change law on contact-collision for the grasping processes, the finite element model of the finger parts for the manipulator was established by integrating HyperMesh and LS-PrePostto model. After applying the corresponding constraints, loads and contact types to the finite element model, the stress and strain cloud images for the fingers and the fragile parts on the contact-collision processes were obtained by calculation. The simulation results show that the stresses of the fragile parts increase linearly with the increasing of the fingers impact speeds. When the speed changes from 0.5 to 2.5 mm/ms, the stress increases to 3 to 4 times the original. With the increasing of the wall thickness of fragile parts, the fragile parts stresses decrease gradually. The stress changes obviously at the stage of thin wall thickness, the average stress variation of the wall thickness of 0.51.0 mm is 67 times that of the wall thickness of 1.02.5 mm. When the manipulator applies different acceleration at the contacting fragile parts moment, as the acceleration increases, the contact stress increases accordingly, the average stress change for acceleration of 1.02.5 mm/ms2 is 89 times that of the acceleration of 0.51.0  mm/ms2. According to the existing simulation results, the Kriging agent model is established to calculate the prediction model of the contact stresses under the different wall thickness and grasping speed, which establishes the foundation for determining the grasping parameters of the manipulators, designing and optimizing the finger structures under different conditions. By constructing an experimental system, the simulation results were verified experimentally, and the correctness of the simulation results was proved. 
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    Molecular Dynamics Simulation for Effect of Nanoparticle Additives on Boundary Lubrication
    PAN Ling, LIN Guobin, HAN Yuqing, YU Hui
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (10): 1140-1156.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.10.002
    Abstract288)      PDF (12614KB)(177)       Save
    The boundary lubrication behavior of Cu nanoparticles in n-hexadecane was investigated under different loads by experiments and simulations herein. Boundary lubrication model with sinusoidal rough peaks was established. The density distribution of the lubricant along the film thickness with and without Cu nanoparticles were simulated at different loads using MD respectively. The shear velocity in the opposite direction was applied to the upper and lower solid walls of the system, and the stress between the wall atoms and the copper particle atoms, the friction force of the solid-liquid interface, the normal pressure and the friction coefficient were calculated. The friction coefficient of the lubricant containing nano-copper particles was measured with a micro-nano scratch meter. The results show that the base oil n-hexadecane in the two lubrication systems is stratified under different pressures. There are still a small amount of n-hexadecane molecules at the contact interface when the nano-rough peaks are directly contacted, and the arrangement direction of the molecular main chain is the same as the shear direction. Cu nanoparticles may reduce the maximum stress of solid wall by 35.3% and improve the bearing capacity of lubrication system at 200 MPa. The lubricating oil film of lubrication system without Cu nanoparticles breaks at 50 MPa, while that of lubrication system with Cu nanoparticles breaks at 200 MPa. The friction coefficient of two lubrication system under boundary lubrication is simulated, which is in accordance with the experimental measurement. 
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    Correction Model and Experimental Study of Removal Rate in Tangential Cylindrical Grinding Based on Grinding Thermal Deformation Analysis
    CHI Yulun, WU Zixuan
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (15): 1778-1788.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.15.002
    Abstract233)      PDF (13452KB)(173)       Save
    In order to solve the problem in plunge type cylinder grinding caused by the traditional grinding removal efficiency model of grinding thermal deformation is different from the actual grinding, the traditional grinding removal efficiency model was modified based on the analysis of grinding thermal deformation mechanism. By analyzing the grinding thermal deformation and thermal deformation rate of grinding wheel and workpiece, the correction function was determined, the material removal efficiency correction model based on the thermal deformation was established. The model was verified by grinding experiment, and the results show that the model has higher accuracy. 
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    A Wafer Cycle Processing Time Prediction Method Incorporating Double Attention Mechanism and Parallel GRU
    DAI Jiabin, ZHANG Jie, WU Lihui
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (14): 1640-1646.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.14.001
    Abstract574)      PDF (4600KB)(171)       Save
    Low efficiency and low prediction accuracy were caused by the large scale of production feature data, complex correlation among features, and strong correlation of feature samples in wafer fabrication processes, so a wafer processing cycle prediction method integrating double attention mechanism and parallel GRU was proposed. Firstly, Relief-F algorithm was used to reduce the dimensionality of production feature data. Secondly, a fuzzy C-mean algorithm was used to cluster the process similarity of data samples and design a parallel GRU network to explore the strong correlation among wafer feature samples. Finally, a double attention mechanism was designed to learn the complex correlation information within key features and among features and processing cycle. The experimental results show that the proposed method may effectively reduce the prediction training time and improve the prediction accuracy.
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    Study on Contact Fatigue Crack Modeling and Propagation Law of Rolling Bearings
    GUO Wei, CAO Hongrui, ZI Yanyang, WEI Xunkai
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (16): 1891-1899.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.16.001
    Abstract224)      PDF (19224KB)(170)       Save
    Aiming at the damage evolution problems of rolling bearings, fatigue crack propagation mechanism was studied via XFEM. The reliability of the XFEM was verified by an example. An XFEM model of rolling contact fatigue with subsurface initial crack was proposed through fracture mechanics theory. The influencing mechanism of initial crack angle, depth and length on the propagation life and growth path of cracks in subsurfaces were analysed. Crack propagation mechanism was studied through analyzed the variation of stress intensity factors. Results show that sliding mode is the main growth mode of initial cracks in subsurface. The crack angle has a great influence on the fatigue crack growth path. The initial cracks with angle in the 15~45 degree range are easy to change the grow direction to surface which lead to fatigue spall. The crack size and depth have little effects on the morphology of the crack propagation path, but will affect the difficulty of crack propagation.
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    Operating Mechanism and Data Driven Approach for Fault Alarm of Wind Turbine Gearbox Systems
    MENG Kang, TENG Wei, PENG Dikang, XIANG Ling, LIU Yibing
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (12): 1476-1485.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.12.010
    Abstract210)      PDF (9342KB)(168)       Save
    Traditional machine learning methods were used in fault early warning of wind turbine gearboxes, the models were usually designed only by studying the relationship between data and faults, and the selection of parameters and model structure were lack of physical basis, resulting in poor interpretability and weak generalization capabilities of the models. The structure and actual operation control mode of the wind turbine gearbox were studied, the relationship between the operation mechanism and the data of corresponding supervisory control and data acquisition system was analyzed, and the operation data change trend was given qualitatively followed by deterioration of the typical gearbox faults. Finally, a series of one-class support vector machine(OCSVM) based models were constructed according to change law of the data distribution to realize the early fault warning of the wind turbines gearbox systems. Experimentsal results show that all of the proposed models may locate the fault positions of the wind turbine gearbox systems, which has clear physical significance. 
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    Design and Analysis of a Novel Weak-coupling Parallel Hip Exoskeleton with Large Angle of Rotation
    XU Jilong, LIU Fucai, NIU Yunzhan
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (21): 2540-2547.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.21.003
    Abstract159)      PDF (7047KB)(168)       Save
    A novel bio-syncretic hip exoskeleton with large-angle and weak-coupling characteristics was proposed to solve the problems such as small workspace, difficult forward kinematics modeling, and complex control of parallel hip exoskeletons. The detailed structures of two-stage prismatic joint were designed, and the expression for calculating the slope of the groove was obtained. The man-machine complexs forward and inverse position solutions were derived by closing-vector-circle method. The inverse Jacobian matrix was obtained by taking the derivative of the inverse position solution equation. Performance analysis shows that the man-machine complex has the advantages such as large range motion, no internal singularities, good force transfer performance, and easy control.
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    Study on Influencing Factors of Stress at Roots of Autonomous Sailboat Wing Sail Mast and Its Influencing Laws
    NIU Wenchao, SUN Zhaoyang, SHENG Zhongqi, YU Jiancheng, ZHAO Baode, ZHAO Wentao,
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (22): 2647-2658.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.22.001
    Abstract198)      PDF (15151KB)(164)       Save
    In order to study the influencing factors and influencing laws of the wing sail mast root stress, a numerical calculation model of the root stress of the wing sail masts was proposed based on the equivalence principle, and the accuracy of the proposed model was verified by finite element calculation. Based on the numerical calculation model of mast root stress, it was derived that there were 4 external parameters and 3 body parameters which affect the mast root stresses, the external parameters contain autonomous sailboat rolling period , rolling amplitude, rolling angle and deflection angle of wing sails. The body parameters contain mast center of gravity height, wing sail mass and the eccentric distance of wing sail. Based on the numerical calculation model, the influences of the above factors on the root stress of the masts were analyzed, and it is found that the stress values have a decreasing negative quadratic power function relationship with the rolling period , which is proportional to the rolling amplitude, the wing sail center of gravity height, the eccentric distance and wing sail mass, and the change curve of stress values with deflection angle coincides with the sinusoidal curve, and the stress value curve shows a sinusoidal waveform in one roll cycle. Finally, a method of adding stiffeners to optimize the structure was proposed for the stress concentration in the roots of the mast, and it was verified by the finite element calculation and the experimental analysis of turntable shaking. It is found that this method may reduce the stress value of the roots effectively during the working processes of the wing masts.
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    Ultrasonic TFM Inspection and Quantitative Method of Defects for Curved Surface Structures of Aeroengine Casing Rings
    GUAN Shanyue, WANG Xiaokai, HUA Lin, LI Yixuan,
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (08): 892-898.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.08.002
    Abstract305)      PDF (9571KB)(164)       Save
    Grooves and round corners of ring forgings used in aeroengine casing were prone to produce various defects. Taking the curved surface structures of aeroengine casing rings as an object, the ultrasonic TFM detection and defect quantification were proposed. The testing areas were divided into grid points in cylindrical coordinate system and the reference blocks with 0.8 mm artificial defects were designed. The maximum amplitude defect data set at all grid points was collected. The data set was fitted in two directions of depth and angle, and the distance angle amplitude surface defects quantitative evaluation method was established. The experimental results of a casing ring specimen show that the errors of quantitative method are less than 1 dB. 
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    Experimental Study of Laser Assisted Water Jet Micromilling of Single Crystal β-Ga2O3 Substrates
    TIAN Long, HUANG Chuanzhen, LIU Dun , YAO Peng , LIU Hanlian, LIU Xuefei
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (13): 1559-1567.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.13.005
    Abstract234)      PDF (7739KB)(163)       Save
     Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) was a new type of high performance semiconductor material. Due to the characteristics of easy cleavage, high brittleness, poor thermal conductivity and anisotropy, the micro cracks would be easily generated in traditional precision machining and laser machining, which greatly restricted the applications of gallium oxide single crystal. Laser-assisted water jet machining might combine the advantages of high efficiency and high precision of laser machining and no thermal damages of water jet machining, which might realize the near thermal damage free machining of hard and brittle materials, thus a good application prospect was obtained in the field of semiconductor wafer processing. All-factor experimental study of laser assisted water jet micro-milling of single crystal β-Ga2O3 substrates was carried out herein. Results show that the processing parameters have significant influences on the depth and the surface roughness of the bottom of the micro-groove. By optimizing the processing parameters, the micro-groove with low surface damage, flat bottom and low surface roughness (Ra<1 μm) may be obtained by the laser assisted water jet machining. 
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    Efficient Optimization Design Method of Centrifugal Impellers Based on Multi-surrogate Model
    LIU Jisheng, JI Liang, LI Wei, JIA Zhixin, CHENG Jinxin, FANG Pengcheng
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (08): 899-907.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.08.003
    Abstract291)      PDF (8420KB)(162)       Save
    Aiming at the problems of excessive number of iterations and time consumption in automatic optimization design, an efficient optimization search model for centrifugal compressor blades was established based on multi-surrogate model optimization algorithm. A global/local model management strategy and a sample filling method were studied. The comprehensive performance of multi-surrogate model and common meta-heuristic optimization algorithms(particle swarm algorithm, multi-island genetic algorithm, etc. )were compared and analyzed, and the effectiveness of the efficient optimization search model was verified. The results of the centrifugal impeller optimization show that the isentropic efficiency is improved by 0.73%, the total pressure ratio is increased by 0.18%, and the surge margin is improved by 1.1%. Compared with the classical particle swarm algorithm, the optimization time may be reduced by 54.9%. 
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    Detecting Internal Leakage in Electro-Hydraulic Actuators Based on Operational States of Motor
    HE Qingchuan, LIU Hui, PAN Jun, CHEN Wenhua
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (12): 1407-1414.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.12.003
    Abstract222)      PDF (6937KB)(162)       Save
     Internal leakage in an electro-hydraulic actuator(EHA) could not be identified by observation and also there were no effective methods for online detecting by using operational data. According to the relationship between state parameters of motor and leakage in closed hydraulic system, a detecting method of internal leakage by using motor current and speed signals was proposed. Based on deep learning algorithm, a convolution neural network was proposed which could be used to extract targeting weak features from monitoring data. A fault injection experiment was designed and the results show that the detection accuracy of internal leakage reaches 98.7% by using the proposed method, which provides an effective method for internal leakage detection in EHAs.
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    Multichannel Information Fusion and Deep Transfer Learning for Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis
    ZHANG Long, HU Yanqing, ZHAO Lijuan, ZHANG Hao
    China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (08): 966-975.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.08.011
    Abstract304)      PDF (9432KB)(161)       Save
    To address the problems of inadequate information on the characteristics of single channel signals, a rotating machinery fault diagnosis method of multichannel information fusion and deep transfer learning approach was proposed. Firstly, the one-dimensional signals collected by multi-sensors were used to generate separate time-frequency maps by wavelet transforms. Then, the information of the maps was fused into multi-channel images. Finally, the pre-trained deep residual network, as a transfer model, was used for fault diagnosis of the rotating machinery. The identification accuracy of the tests on the cylindrical roller bearing, locomotive bearing, and gearbox datasets of a bureau of locomotive section is as 99.23%, 99.78%, and 99.50% respectively; and the identification accuracy of the cross-service transfer tests on the Case Western Reserve University bearing dataset is as 93.12%, which indicates the superiority and scalability of the proposed method.
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