中国机械工程 ›› 2026, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (10): 2446-2457.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.007
刘丹(
), 刘伟军, 刘顺, 杨志刚, 刘榜, 杨国哲, 姜兴宇(
)
收稿日期:2025-09-02
出版日期:2026-10-25
发布日期:2026-11-10
通讯作者:
姜兴宇
作者简介:刘丹,女,1982年生,博士研究生。研究方向为激光再制造与绿色制造。E-mail: 14734983@qq.com基金资助:
LIU Dan(
), LIU Weijun, LIU Shun, YANG Zhigang, LIU Bang, YANG Guozhe, JIANG Xingyu(
)
Received:2025-09-02
Online:2026-10-25
Published:2026-11-10
Contact:
JIANG Xingyu
摘要:
针对激光熔覆过程中工艺系统能量转化效率低、加工周期长与物耗大等问题,提出一种面向低碳的激光熔覆过程工艺参数多目标优化方法。深入分析了激光熔覆工艺过程碳排放特性,以激光功率、送粉速度及扫描速度作为关键工艺参数,构建以碳排放、粉末利用率及质量(宽高比)为目标的激光熔覆工艺参数多目标优化模型。提出了一种改进的广义差分进化三代算法(GDE3),引入混沌记忆权重因子增强种群多样性,可有效解决算法过早收敛而难以获得最优工艺参数问题。以Fe3O4不锈钢为实验材料,开展了激光熔覆实验,实验结果表明,优化后的激光熔覆工艺碳排放降低25%,粉末利用率提高19%,熔覆层质量与性能显著提高。
中图分类号:
刘丹, 刘伟军, 刘顺, 杨志刚, 刘榜, 杨国哲, 姜兴宇. 面向低碳的激光熔覆过程工艺参数多目标优化[J]. 中国机械工程, 2026, 37(10): 2446-2457.
LIU Dan, LIU Weijun, LIU Shun, YANG Zhigang, LIU Bang, YANG Guozhe, JIANG Xingyu. Multi-objective Optimization of Process Parameters in Laser Cladding for Low Carbon Emission[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 37(10): 2446-2457.
| w(C) | w(Mn) | w(Si) | w(P) | w(S) | w(Cr) | w(Ni) | w(Fe) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤0.07 | ≤0.20 | ≤0.10 | ≤0.035 | ≤0.03 | 0.17~ 0.19 | 0.08~ 0.11 | 其余 |
表1 Fe3O4合金粉末的化学成分(质量分数) (%)
Tab.1 Chemical composition of Fe3O4-based alloy powder (mass fraction)
| w(C) | w(Mn) | w(Si) | w(P) | w(S) | w(Cr) | w(Ni) | w(Fe) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤0.07 | ≤0.20 | ≤0.10 | ≤0.035 | ≤0.03 | 0.17~ 0.19 | 0.08~ 0.11 | 其余 |
| 参数 | 参数值 | 参数 | 参数值 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plin | 300~900 W | Pli | 45 W |
| vf | 0.2~1.2 r/min | qk | 0.7 L/s |
| vs | 300~450 mm/min | 1×103 kg/m3 | |
| c | 4.2×103 J/(kg·K) | ||
| d | 2 mm | 1 K | |
| ti | 3 s | tp | 30 s |
| β | 50% | tg | 4 s |
表2 激光熔覆主要工艺参数
Tab. 2 Process parameters of laser remanufacturing
| 参数 | 参数值 | 参数 | 参数值 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plin | 300~900 W | Pli | 45 W |
| vf | 0.2~1.2 r/min | qk | 0.7 L/s |
| vs | 300~450 mm/min | 1×103 kg/m3 | |
| c | 4.2×103 J/(kg·K) | ||
| d | 2 mm | 1 K | |
| ti | 3 s | tp | 30 s |
| β | 50% | tg | 4 s |
工艺 参数 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 450 | 500 | 550 | 600 | 650 | 700 | 750 | |
| 1465 | 1620 | 1771 | 1925 | 2076 | 2233 | 2387 |
表3 激光发生器子系统的功率变化 (W)
Tab.3 Power change of laser generator subsystem
工艺 参数 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 450 | 500 | 550 | 600 | 650 | 700 | 750 | |
| 1465 | 1620 | 1771 | 1925 | 2076 | 2233 | 2387 |
| 工艺参数 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 | |
| Ppm/W | 51.00 | 51.46 | 52.00 | 52.45 | 53.00 | 53.50 | 53.80 | 54.40 | 54.70 | 55.10 | 56.50 |
表4 送粉子系统功率变化
Tab.4 Power change of powder feeding subsystem
| 工艺参数 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 | |
| Ppm/W | 51.00 | 51.46 | 52.00 | 52.45 | 53.00 | 53.50 | 53.80 | 54.40 | 54.70 | 55.10 | 56.50 |
工艺 参数 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 320 | 330 | 340 | 350 | 360 | 370 | 380 | 390 | 400 | |
| Pmm/W | 55.1 | 55.3 | 55.3 | 55.4 | 55.5 | 55.7 | 56.1 | 56.1 | 56.3 |
表5 进给系统功率变化
Tab.5 Power variation of feed system
工艺 参数 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 320 | 330 | 340 | 350 | 360 | 370 | 380 | 390 | 400 | |
| Pmm/W | 55.1 | 55.3 | 55.3 | 55.4 | 55.5 | 55.7 | 56.1 | 56.1 | 56.3 |
| 激光装备子系统 | 待机功率 | 运行功率 |
|---|---|---|
| 激光发生系统 | 47 | |
| 送粉子系统 | 41 | |
| 输送子系统 | 50 | |
| 冷却子系统 | 1103 | 2371 |
| 照明系统 | 0 | 18 |
| 净化系统 | 0 | 25 |
表6 各子系统功率 (W)
Tab.6 Power of each subsystem
| 激光装备子系统 | 待机功率 | 运行功率 |
|---|---|---|
| 激光发生系统 | 47 | |
| 送粉子系统 | 41 | |
| 输送子系统 | 50 | |
| 冷却子系统 | 1103 | 2371 |
| 照明系统 | 0 | 18 |
| 净化系统 | 0 | 25 |
| 工艺参数 | 水平 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 600 | 700 | 800 | |
| vs/(mm·min-1) | 330 | 360 | 390 |
| 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | |
表7 水平和因数表
Tab.7 Levels and factor
| 工艺参数 | 水平 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 600 | 700 | 800 | |
| vs/(mm·min-1) | 330 | 360 | 390 |
| 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | |
| 序号 | vs/(mm·min-1) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 600 | 0.5 | 330 | 1955 | 355 | 5.5 | 0.9000 | 0.34 |
| 2 | 700 | 0.7 | 390 | 2047 | 410 | 5.0 | 1.0470 | 0.30 |
| 3 | 700 | 0.3 | 390 | 2017 | 365 | 5.5 | 0.4653 | 0.31 |
| 4 | 700 | 0.3 | 330 | 2054 | 371 | 5.5 | 0.6469 | 0.42 |
| 5 | 600 | 0.7 | 360 | 1952 | 364 | 5.4 | 0.9616 | 0.28 |
| 6 | 700 | 0.5 | 360 | 2050 | 390 | 5.3 | 0.8263 | 0.36 |
| 7 | 800 | 0.5 | 360 | 2139 | 438 | 4.9 | 0.9689 | 0.42 |
| 8 | 600 | 0.3 | 390 | 1949 | 317 | 6.1 | 0.3337 | 0.19 |
| 9 | 700 | 0.5 | 330 | 2054 | 393 | 5.2 | 0.9500 | 0.39 |
| 10 | 800 | 0.7 | 330 | 2152 | 464 | 4.6 | 1.4086 | 0.39 |
| 11 | 600 | 0.7 | 390 | 1949 | 361 | 5.4 | 0.8466 | 0.21 |
| 12 | 800 | 0.7 | 360 | 2149 | 461 | 4.7 | 1.2467 | 0.39 |
| 13 | 600 | 0.3 | 330 | 1895 | 323 | 5.9 | 0.4914 | 0.35 |
| 14 | 600 | 0.7 | 330 | 1955 | 367 | 5.3 | 1.0976 | 0.33 |
| 15 | 700 | 0.3 | 360 | 2050 | 368 | 5.6 | 0.5485 | 0.38 |
| 16 | 700 | 0.7 | 360 | 2038 | 413 | 4.9 | 1.1042 | 0.34 |
| 17 | 800 | 0.7 | 390 | 2146 | 458 | 4.7 | 1.1098 | 0.37 |
| 18 | 800 | 0.5 | 330 | 2152 | 441 | 4.9 | 1.1055 | 0.43 |
| 19 | 700 | 0.5 | 390 | 2047 | 387 | 5.3 | 0.7217 | 0.30 |
| 20 | 800 | 0.3 | 390 | 2146 | 413 | 5.2 | 0.5968 | 0.41 |
| 21 | 700 | 0.7 | 330 | 2054 | 415 | 4.9 | 1.2531 | 0.37 |
| 22 | 600 | 0.3 | 360 | 2052 | 320 | 6.4 | 0.4060 | 0.28 |
| 23 | 600 | 0.5 | 390 | 1949 | 339 | 5.7 | 0.5901 | 0.20 |
| 24 | 800 | 0.5 | 390 | 2146 | 436 | 4.9 | 0.8533 | 0.39 |
| 25 | 600 | 0.5 | 360 | 1952 | 342 | 5.7 | 0.6838 | 0.27 |
| 26 | 800 | 0.3 | 330 | 2152 | 419 | 5.1 | 0.8024 | 0.48 |
| 27 | 800 | 0.3 | 360 | 2169 | 416 | 5.2 | 0.7024 | 0.45 |
表8 熔化高度和宽度尺寸以及粉末消耗记录
Tab.8 Melting height and width dimensions and powder gram consumption record
| 序号 | vs/(mm·min-1) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 600 | 0.5 | 330 | 1955 | 355 | 5.5 | 0.9000 | 0.34 |
| 2 | 700 | 0.7 | 390 | 2047 | 410 | 5.0 | 1.0470 | 0.30 |
| 3 | 700 | 0.3 | 390 | 2017 | 365 | 5.5 | 0.4653 | 0.31 |
| 4 | 700 | 0.3 | 330 | 2054 | 371 | 5.5 | 0.6469 | 0.42 |
| 5 | 600 | 0.7 | 360 | 1952 | 364 | 5.4 | 0.9616 | 0.28 |
| 6 | 700 | 0.5 | 360 | 2050 | 390 | 5.3 | 0.8263 | 0.36 |
| 7 | 800 | 0.5 | 360 | 2139 | 438 | 4.9 | 0.9689 | 0.42 |
| 8 | 600 | 0.3 | 390 | 1949 | 317 | 6.1 | 0.3337 | 0.19 |
| 9 | 700 | 0.5 | 330 | 2054 | 393 | 5.2 | 0.9500 | 0.39 |
| 10 | 800 | 0.7 | 330 | 2152 | 464 | 4.6 | 1.4086 | 0.39 |
| 11 | 600 | 0.7 | 390 | 1949 | 361 | 5.4 | 0.8466 | 0.21 |
| 12 | 800 | 0.7 | 360 | 2149 | 461 | 4.7 | 1.2467 | 0.39 |
| 13 | 600 | 0.3 | 330 | 1895 | 323 | 5.9 | 0.4914 | 0.35 |
| 14 | 600 | 0.7 | 330 | 1955 | 367 | 5.3 | 1.0976 | 0.33 |
| 15 | 700 | 0.3 | 360 | 2050 | 368 | 5.6 | 0.5485 | 0.38 |
| 16 | 700 | 0.7 | 360 | 2038 | 413 | 4.9 | 1.1042 | 0.34 |
| 17 | 800 | 0.7 | 390 | 2146 | 458 | 4.7 | 1.1098 | 0.37 |
| 18 | 800 | 0.5 | 330 | 2152 | 441 | 4.9 | 1.1055 | 0.43 |
| 19 | 700 | 0.5 | 390 | 2047 | 387 | 5.3 | 0.7217 | 0.30 |
| 20 | 800 | 0.3 | 390 | 2146 | 413 | 5.2 | 0.5968 | 0.41 |
| 21 | 700 | 0.7 | 330 | 2054 | 415 | 4.9 | 1.2531 | 0.37 |
| 22 | 600 | 0.3 | 360 | 2052 | 320 | 6.4 | 0.4060 | 0.28 |
| 23 | 600 | 0.5 | 390 | 1949 | 339 | 5.7 | 0.5901 | 0.20 |
| 24 | 800 | 0.5 | 390 | 2146 | 436 | 4.9 | 0.8533 | 0.39 |
| 25 | 600 | 0.5 | 360 | 1952 | 342 | 5.7 | 0.6838 | 0.27 |
| 26 | 800 | 0.3 | 330 | 2152 | 419 | 5.1 | 0.8024 | 0.48 |
| 27 | 800 | 0.3 | 360 | 2169 | 416 | 5.2 | 0.7024 | 0.45 |
| 送粉速度vf/(r·min-1) | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 送粉速率vg/(g·min-1) | 3.66 | 4.66 | 5.54 | 6.49 | 7.54 | 9.26 | 10.80 | 12.05 | 13.24 | 14.48 | 15.72 |
表9 与送粉速度相对应的送粉速率
Tab.9 Powder feed rate corresponding to powder bed rotation speed
| 送粉速度vf/(r·min-1) | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 送粉速率vg/(g·min-1) | 3.66 | 4.66 | 5.54 | 6.49 | 7.54 | 9.26 | 10.80 | 12.05 | 13.24 | 14.48 | 15.72 |
| 序号 | (r·min-1) | (mm·min-1) | 碳排放 | 宽高比 | 粉末利用率 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 预测/g | 实际/g | 误差/% | 预测 | 实际 | 误差/% | 预测/% | 实际/% | 误差/% | ||||
| 1 | 450 | 0.2 | 250 | 87.4 | 90.00 | 3 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 2 | 43.87 | 45.45 | 3 |
| 2 | 450 | 0.5 | 300 | 73.5 | 75.60 | 5 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 4 | 29.93 | 30.65 | 2 |
| 3 | 450 | 0.6 | 350 | 63.6 | 66.09 | 4 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 8 | 16.05 | 17.08 | 6 |
| 4 | 450 | 0.8 | 400 | 56.2 | 58.78 | 4 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 1 | 2.11 | 2.23 | 5 |
| 5 | 550 | 0.2 | 300 | 82.6 | 84.00 | 2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 1 | 39.04 | 41.04 | 5 |
| 6 | 550 | 0.5 | 250 | 98.3 | 103.00 | 5 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 5 | 43.00 | 44.45 | 3 |
| 7 | 550 | 0.6 | 400 | 63.1 | 62.20 | 1 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 3 | 11.56 | 10.78 | 7 |
| 8 | 550 | 0.8 | 350 | 71.5 | 70.60 | 1 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 3 | 26.43 | 27.98 | 6 |
| 9 | 650 | 0.2 | 350 | 79.2 | 78.50 | 1 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 3 | 36.21 | 37.45 | 3 |
| 10 | 650 | 0.5 | 400 | 69.9 | 68.00 | 3 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 3 | 22.78 | 24.32 | 6 |
| 11 | 650 | 0.6 | 250 | 109.3 | 111.00 | 1 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 5 | 41.03 | 42.03 | 2 |
| 12 | 650 | 0.8 | 300 | 91.8 | 92.00 | 2 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4 | 36.75 | 34.95 | 5 |
| 13 | 750 | 0.2 | 400 | 76.7 | 75.00 | 2 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 4 | 35.38 | 33.89 | 4 |
| 14 | 750 | 0.5 | 350 | 87.1 | 85.00 | 2 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 4 | 39.85 | 40.55 | 2 |
| 15 | 750 | 0.6 | 300 | 100.9 | 103.00 | 2 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 2 | 40.54 | 42.54 | 5 |
| 16 | 750 | 0.8 | 250 | 120.3 | 122.00 | 1 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4 | 33.07 | 30.07 | 8 |
表10 预测值和实际值
Tab.10 Analysis table of predicted and actual values
| 序号 | (r·min-1) | (mm·min-1) | 碳排放 | 宽高比 | 粉末利用率 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 预测/g | 实际/g | 误差/% | 预测 | 实际 | 误差/% | 预测/% | 实际/% | 误差/% | ||||
| 1 | 450 | 0.2 | 250 | 87.4 | 90.00 | 3 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 2 | 43.87 | 45.45 | 3 |
| 2 | 450 | 0.5 | 300 | 73.5 | 75.60 | 5 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 4 | 29.93 | 30.65 | 2 |
| 3 | 450 | 0.6 | 350 | 63.6 | 66.09 | 4 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 8 | 16.05 | 17.08 | 6 |
| 4 | 450 | 0.8 | 400 | 56.2 | 58.78 | 4 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 1 | 2.11 | 2.23 | 5 |
| 5 | 550 | 0.2 | 300 | 82.6 | 84.00 | 2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 1 | 39.04 | 41.04 | 5 |
| 6 | 550 | 0.5 | 250 | 98.3 | 103.00 | 5 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 5 | 43.00 | 44.45 | 3 |
| 7 | 550 | 0.6 | 400 | 63.1 | 62.20 | 1 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 3 | 11.56 | 10.78 | 7 |
| 8 | 550 | 0.8 | 350 | 71.5 | 70.60 | 1 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 3 | 26.43 | 27.98 | 6 |
| 9 | 650 | 0.2 | 350 | 79.2 | 78.50 | 1 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 3 | 36.21 | 37.45 | 3 |
| 10 | 650 | 0.5 | 400 | 69.9 | 68.00 | 3 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 3 | 22.78 | 24.32 | 6 |
| 11 | 650 | 0.6 | 250 | 109.3 | 111.00 | 1 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 5 | 41.03 | 42.03 | 2 |
| 12 | 650 | 0.8 | 300 | 91.8 | 92.00 | 2 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4 | 36.75 | 34.95 | 5 |
| 13 | 750 | 0.2 | 400 | 76.7 | 75.00 | 2 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 4 | 35.38 | 33.89 | 4 |
| 14 | 750 | 0.5 | 350 | 87.1 | 85.00 | 2 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 4 | 39.85 | 40.55 | 2 |
| 15 | 750 | 0.6 | 300 | 100.9 | 103.00 | 2 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 2 | 40.54 | 42.54 | 5 |
| 16 | 750 | 0.8 | 250 | 120.3 | 122.00 | 1 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4 | 33.07 | 30.07 | 8 |
| 指标 | 原始GDE3 | 改进GDE3 |
|---|---|---|
| HV | 0.120 | 0.124 |
| IGD | 0.298 | 0.276 |
| GD | 0.534 | 0.517 |
| Spacing | 0.698 | 0.683 |
| 时间 | 0.722 | 0.658 |
表11 算法性能评估
Tab.11 Performance evaluation of algorithms
| 指标 | 原始GDE3 | 改进GDE3 |
|---|---|---|
| HV | 0.120 | 0.124 |
| IGD | 0.298 | 0.276 |
| GD | 0.534 | 0.517 |
| Spacing | 0.698 | 0.683 |
| 时间 | 0.722 | 0.658 |
| 种群大小 | 迭代次数 | 改进GDE3 | GDE3 | NSGA-Ⅱ | NSGA-Ⅲ | CMOPSO | MOPSO | MSEA | CCGDE3 | AdaW |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 200 | 200 | 0.1257 | 0.1207 | 0.1182 | 0.1177 | 0.1195 | 0.1179 | 0.1197 | 0.1176 | 0.1197 |
| 200 | 150 | 0.1231 | 0.1207 | 0.1188 | 0.1180 | 0.1194 | 0.1205 | 0.1196 | 0.1180 | 0.1195 |
| 200 | 50 | 0.1224 | 0.1205 | 0.1195 | 0.1164 | 0.1197 | 0.1200 | 0.1196 | 0.1177 | 0.1194 |
| 150 | 200 | 0.1245 | 0.1205 | 0.1184 | 0.1167 | 0.1187 | 0.1164 | 0.1193 | 0.1180 | 0.1189 |
| 150 | 150 | 0.1235 | 0.1205 | 0.1180 | 0.1176 | 0.1191 | 0.1166 | 0.1197 | 0.1190 | 0.1189 |
| 150 | 50 | 0.1230 | 0.1200 | 0.1180 | 0.1147 | 0.1195 | 0.1138 | 0.1194 | 0.1187 | 0.1187 |
| 100 | 200 | 0.1231 | 0.1201 | 0.1181 | 0.1143 | 0.1183 | 0.1117 | 0.1188 | 0.1169 | 0.1179 |
| 100 | 150 | 0.1231 | 0.1197 | 0.1188 | 0.1140 | 0.1160 | 0.1142 | 0.1187 | 0.1163 | 0.1177 |
| 100 | 50 | 0.1227 | 0.1191 | 0.1157 | 0.1128 | 0.1180 | 0.1066 | 0.1180 | 0.1152 | 0.1171 |
表12 不同参数组合的HV值
Tab.12 HV values for different parameter combinations
| 种群大小 | 迭代次数 | 改进GDE3 | GDE3 | NSGA-Ⅱ | NSGA-Ⅲ | CMOPSO | MOPSO | MSEA | CCGDE3 | AdaW |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 200 | 200 | 0.1257 | 0.1207 | 0.1182 | 0.1177 | 0.1195 | 0.1179 | 0.1197 | 0.1176 | 0.1197 |
| 200 | 150 | 0.1231 | 0.1207 | 0.1188 | 0.1180 | 0.1194 | 0.1205 | 0.1196 | 0.1180 | 0.1195 |
| 200 | 50 | 0.1224 | 0.1205 | 0.1195 | 0.1164 | 0.1197 | 0.1200 | 0.1196 | 0.1177 | 0.1194 |
| 150 | 200 | 0.1245 | 0.1205 | 0.1184 | 0.1167 | 0.1187 | 0.1164 | 0.1193 | 0.1180 | 0.1189 |
| 150 | 150 | 0.1235 | 0.1205 | 0.1180 | 0.1176 | 0.1191 | 0.1166 | 0.1197 | 0.1190 | 0.1189 |
| 150 | 50 | 0.1230 | 0.1200 | 0.1180 | 0.1147 | 0.1195 | 0.1138 | 0.1194 | 0.1187 | 0.1187 |
| 100 | 200 | 0.1231 | 0.1201 | 0.1181 | 0.1143 | 0.1183 | 0.1117 | 0.1188 | 0.1169 | 0.1179 |
| 100 | 150 | 0.1231 | 0.1197 | 0.1188 | 0.1140 | 0.1160 | 0.1142 | 0.1187 | 0.1163 | 0.1177 |
| 100 | 50 | 0.1227 | 0.1191 | 0.1157 | 0.1128 | 0.1180 | 0.1066 | 0.1180 | 0.1152 | 0.1171 |
| 种群大小 | 迭代次数 | 改进GDE3 | GDE3 | NSGA-Ⅱ | NSGA-Ⅲ | CMOPSO | MOPSO | MSEA | CCGDE3 | AdaW |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 200 | 200 | 0.1706 | 0.1807 | 0.2039 | 0.9006 | 0.2958 | 1.0211 | 0.3092 | 0.2373 | 0.3333 |
| 200 | 150 | 0.1760 | 0.1845 | 0.2080 | 1.2204 | 0.2944 | 1.2093 | 0.2798 | 0.3169 | 0.3528 |
| 200 | 50 | 0.1877 | 0.1906 | 0.2120 | 1.3374 | 0.2696 | 1.0900 | 0.3526 | 0.3626 | 0.5551 |
| 150 | 200 | 0.2045 | 0.2146 | 0.2437 | 0.7526 | 0.3714 | 1.2614 | 0.5921 | 0.3613 | 0.3896 |
| 150 | 150 | 0.2003 | 0.2136 | 0.2578 | 0.9966 | 0.3523 | 1.0941 | 0.4582 | 0.4743 | 0.3432 |
| 150 | 50 | 0.2206 | 0.2387 | 0.3401 | 1.5039 | 0.3533 | 1.3595 | 0.4741 | 0.5081 | 0.3995 |
| 100 | 200 | 0.2945 | 0.3142 | 0.3625 | 1.3260 | 0.4782 | 1.1390 | 0.4792 | 0.7204 | 0.5456 |
| 100 | 150 | 0.3194 | 0.3297 | 0.4161 | 1.8002 | 0.5070 | 1.1731 | 0.4830 | 0.6311 | 0.5680 |
| 100 | 50 | 0.3044 | 0.3154 | 0.3801 | 1.6657 | 0.4451 | 1.4481 | 0.5155 | 0.5356 | 0.6651 |
表13 不同参数组合的IGD值
Tab.13 IGD values for different parameter combinations
| 种群大小 | 迭代次数 | 改进GDE3 | GDE3 | NSGA-Ⅱ | NSGA-Ⅲ | CMOPSO | MOPSO | MSEA | CCGDE3 | AdaW |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 200 | 200 | 0.1706 | 0.1807 | 0.2039 | 0.9006 | 0.2958 | 1.0211 | 0.3092 | 0.2373 | 0.3333 |
| 200 | 150 | 0.1760 | 0.1845 | 0.2080 | 1.2204 | 0.2944 | 1.2093 | 0.2798 | 0.3169 | 0.3528 |
| 200 | 50 | 0.1877 | 0.1906 | 0.2120 | 1.3374 | 0.2696 | 1.0900 | 0.3526 | 0.3626 | 0.5551 |
| 150 | 200 | 0.2045 | 0.2146 | 0.2437 | 0.7526 | 0.3714 | 1.2614 | 0.5921 | 0.3613 | 0.3896 |
| 150 | 150 | 0.2003 | 0.2136 | 0.2578 | 0.9966 | 0.3523 | 1.0941 | 0.4582 | 0.4743 | 0.3432 |
| 150 | 50 | 0.2206 | 0.2387 | 0.3401 | 1.5039 | 0.3533 | 1.3595 | 0.4741 | 0.5081 | 0.3995 |
| 100 | 200 | 0.2945 | 0.3142 | 0.3625 | 1.3260 | 0.4782 | 1.1390 | 0.4792 | 0.7204 | 0.5456 |
| 100 | 150 | 0.3194 | 0.3297 | 0.4161 | 1.8002 | 0.5070 | 1.1731 | 0.4830 | 0.6311 | 0.5680 |
| 100 | 50 | 0.3044 | 0.3154 | 0.3801 | 1.6657 | 0.4451 | 1.4481 | 0.5155 | 0.5356 | 0.6651 |
| 指标 | NSGA-Ⅱ | 改进GDE3 | GDE3 | CMOPSO | NSGA-Ⅲ | MOPSO | MSEA | CCGDE3 | AdaW |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HV | 0.116 783 | 0.124 044 | 0.123 992 | 0.118 190 | 0.115 001 | 0.113 702 | 0.118 143 | 0.116 195 | 0.117 886 |
| IGD | 0.392 496 | 0.306 155 | 0.315 485 | 0.455 973 | 0.990 612 | 0.794 283 | 0.571 219 | 0.541 170 | 0.573 158 |
| GD | 0.049 896 | 0.047 850 | 0.049 358 | 0.047 926 | 0.049 170 | 0.056 666 | 0.048 536 | 0.053 175 | 0.048 786 |
| Spacing | 0.631 471 | 0.654 635 | 0.676 761 | 0.957 632 | 0.896 569 | 0.955 735 | 0.873 143 | 0.755 528 | 1.023 198 |
| 时间/s | 0.241 710 | 0.657 990 | 0.721 960 | 1.031 230 | 0.499 310 | 0.353 980 | 8.334 900 | 0.313 600 | 7.722 720 |
表14 评价指数平均值比较
Tab.14 Evaluation index mean comparison
| 指标 | NSGA-Ⅱ | 改进GDE3 | GDE3 | CMOPSO | NSGA-Ⅲ | MOPSO | MSEA | CCGDE3 | AdaW |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HV | 0.116 783 | 0.124 044 | 0.123 992 | 0.118 190 | 0.115 001 | 0.113 702 | 0.118 143 | 0.116 195 | 0.117 886 |
| IGD | 0.392 496 | 0.306 155 | 0.315 485 | 0.455 973 | 0.990 612 | 0.794 283 | 0.571 219 | 0.541 170 | 0.573 158 |
| GD | 0.049 896 | 0.047 850 | 0.049 358 | 0.047 926 | 0.049 170 | 0.056 666 | 0.048 536 | 0.053 175 | 0.048 786 |
| Spacing | 0.631 471 | 0.654 635 | 0.676 761 | 0.957 632 | 0.896 569 | 0.955 735 | 0.873 143 | 0.755 528 | 1.023 198 |
| 时间/s | 0.241 710 | 0.657 990 | 0.721 960 | 1.031 230 | 0.499 310 | 0.353 980 | 8.334 900 | 0.313 600 | 7.722 720 |
| 指标 | NSGA-Ⅱ | 改进GDE3 | GDE3 | CMOPSO | NSGA-Ⅲ | MOPSO | MSEA | CCGDE3 | AdaW |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HV | 0.000 003 | 0.000 001 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 003 | 0.000 004 | 4.760 000 | 0.000 001 | 0 |
| IGD | 0.000 298 | 0.000 200 | 0.000 384 | 0.001 330 | 0.018 000 | 0.028 800 | 0 | 0.019 600 | 0.012 500 |
| GD | 0.000 016 | 0.000 002 | 0.000 011 | 0.000 022 | 0.000 018 | 0.000 018 | 0.003 500 | 0.000 006 | 0.000 020 |
| Spacing | 0.003 240 | 0.000 104 | 0.000 116 | 0.005 240 | 0.061 600 | 0.013 400 | 0.000 016 | 0.021 400 | 0.025 300 |
| 时间/s | 0.000 210 | 0.000 207 | 0.000 655 | 0.002 480 | 0.000 360 | 0.000 171 | 0.004 490 | 0.000 210 | 0.007 400 |
表15 方差分析
Tab.15 Metric variance
| 指标 | NSGA-Ⅱ | 改进GDE3 | GDE3 | CMOPSO | NSGA-Ⅲ | MOPSO | MSEA | CCGDE3 | AdaW |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HV | 0.000 003 | 0.000 001 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 003 | 0.000 004 | 4.760 000 | 0.000 001 | 0 |
| IGD | 0.000 298 | 0.000 200 | 0.000 384 | 0.001 330 | 0.018 000 | 0.028 800 | 0 | 0.019 600 | 0.012 500 |
| GD | 0.000 016 | 0.000 002 | 0.000 011 | 0.000 022 | 0.000 018 | 0.000 018 | 0.003 500 | 0.000 006 | 0.000 020 |
| Spacing | 0.003 240 | 0.000 104 | 0.000 116 | 0.005 240 | 0.061 600 | 0.013 400 | 0.000 016 | 0.021 400 | 0.025 300 |
| 时间/s | 0.000 210 | 0.000 207 | 0.000 655 | 0.002 480 | 0.000 360 | 0.000 171 | 0.004 490 | 0.000 210 | 0.007 400 |
| 算法 | Plin/W | vs/(mm·min-1) | vf/(r·min-1) | 碳排放量/g | 宽高比 | 粉末利用率/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 改进GDE3 | 615 | 400 | 0.5 | 88.600 | 5.71 | 19.6 |
| 637 | 390 | 0.6 | 92.800 | 5.50 | 24.6 | |
| 658 | 412 | 0.4 | 90.000 | 5.73 | 20.6 | |
| GDE3 | 634 | 400 | 0.6 | 99.829 | 5.30 | 21.4 |
| 682 | 399 | 0.7 | 103.191 | 5.00 | 26.3 | |
| 610 | 399 | 0.6 | 98.157 | 5.40 | 18.8 | |
| CCGDE3 | 669 | 409 | 0.8 | 99.920 | 4.75 | 24.5 |
| 627 | 406 | 0.9 | 97.680 | 4.91 | 21.0 | |
| 573 | 408 | 0.9 | 93.600 | 5.17 | 16.0 | |
| NSGA-Ⅱ | 524 | 410 | 0.8 | 89.800 | 5.40 | 9.7 |
| 456 | 410 | 0.4 | 85.000 | 6.80 | 2.0 | |
| 629 | 409 | 0.9 | 97.000 | 4.80 | 20.0 | |
| NSGA-Ⅲ | 568 | 409 | 0.7 | 92.800 | 5.10 | 14.0 |
| 621 | 410 | 0.6 | 96.400 | 4.90 | 20.0 | |
| 686 | 410 | 0.7 | 101.300 | 4.60 | 26.0 | |
| MOPSO | 487 | 390 | 0.6 | 87.300 | 5.70 | 4.4 |
| 717 | 409 | 0.6 | 103.300 | 4.50 | 28.6 | |
| 606 | 409 | 0.7 | 95.500 | 5.00 | 18.7 | |
| CMOPSO | 659 | 410 | 0.7 | 99.150 | 4.76 | 24.0 |
| 558 | 380 | 0.8 | 92.210 | 5.24 | 4.0 | |
| 585 | 400 | 0.9 | 94.030 | 5.10 | 17.0 | |
| MSEA | 644 | 399 | 0.6 | 100.500 | 5.40 | 22.0 |
| 613 | 400 | 0.6 | 98.300 | 5.40 | 19.0 | |
| 625 | 394 | 0.7 | 100.500 | 5.40 | 37.0 | |
| AdaW | 688 | 410 | 0.9 | 101.140 | 4.65 | 26.0 |
| 551 | 409 | 0.9 | 91.750 | 5.27 | 13.0 | |
| 596 | 420 | 0.2 | 86.000 | 6.65 | 19.0 |
表16 优化算法的部分结果
Tab.16 Partial results of the optimization algorithm
| 算法 | Plin/W | vs/(mm·min-1) | vf/(r·min-1) | 碳排放量/g | 宽高比 | 粉末利用率/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 改进GDE3 | 615 | 400 | 0.5 | 88.600 | 5.71 | 19.6 |
| 637 | 390 | 0.6 | 92.800 | 5.50 | 24.6 | |
| 658 | 412 | 0.4 | 90.000 | 5.73 | 20.6 | |
| GDE3 | 634 | 400 | 0.6 | 99.829 | 5.30 | 21.4 |
| 682 | 399 | 0.7 | 103.191 | 5.00 | 26.3 | |
| 610 | 399 | 0.6 | 98.157 | 5.40 | 18.8 | |
| CCGDE3 | 669 | 409 | 0.8 | 99.920 | 4.75 | 24.5 |
| 627 | 406 | 0.9 | 97.680 | 4.91 | 21.0 | |
| 573 | 408 | 0.9 | 93.600 | 5.17 | 16.0 | |
| NSGA-Ⅱ | 524 | 410 | 0.8 | 89.800 | 5.40 | 9.7 |
| 456 | 410 | 0.4 | 85.000 | 6.80 | 2.0 | |
| 629 | 409 | 0.9 | 97.000 | 4.80 | 20.0 | |
| NSGA-Ⅲ | 568 | 409 | 0.7 | 92.800 | 5.10 | 14.0 |
| 621 | 410 | 0.6 | 96.400 | 4.90 | 20.0 | |
| 686 | 410 | 0.7 | 101.300 | 4.60 | 26.0 | |
| MOPSO | 487 | 390 | 0.6 | 87.300 | 5.70 | 4.4 |
| 717 | 409 | 0.6 | 103.300 | 4.50 | 28.6 | |
| 606 | 409 | 0.7 | 95.500 | 5.00 | 18.7 | |
| CMOPSO | 659 | 410 | 0.7 | 99.150 | 4.76 | 24.0 |
| 558 | 380 | 0.8 | 92.210 | 5.24 | 4.0 | |
| 585 | 400 | 0.9 | 94.030 | 5.10 | 17.0 | |
| MSEA | 644 | 399 | 0.6 | 100.500 | 5.40 | 22.0 |
| 613 | 400 | 0.6 | 98.300 | 5.40 | 19.0 | |
| 625 | 394 | 0.7 | 100.500 | 5.40 | 37.0 | |
| AdaW | 688 | 410 | 0.9 | 101.140 | 4.65 | 26.0 |
| 551 | 409 | 0.9 | 91.750 | 5.27 | 13.0 | |
| 596 | 420 | 0.2 | 86.000 | 6.65 | 19.0 |
| 637,390,0.6 | 92.8,24%,5.5 | 2.63 |
| 777,420,0.2 | 98.7,34%,5.59 | 2.55 |
| 658,412,0.4 | 90.0,20%,5.73 | 2.51 |
| 604,420,0.5 | 83.7,11%,5.82 | 2.48 |
| 632,418,0.6 | 86.5,16%,5.50 | 2.47 |
| 615,400,0.5 | 88.6,19%,5.71 | 2.32 |
| 795,419,0.2 | 100.5,36%,5.51 | 2.32 |
表17 灰色关联度
Tab.17 Grey correlation degree
| 637,390,0.6 | 92.8,24%,5.5 | 2.63 |
| 777,420,0.2 | 98.7,34%,5.59 | 2.55 |
| 658,412,0.4 | 90.0,20%,5.73 | 2.51 |
| 604,420,0.5 | 83.7,11%,5.82 | 2.48 |
| 632,418,0.6 | 86.5,16%,5.50 | 2.47 |
| 615,400,0.5 | 88.6,19%,5.71 | 2.32 |
| 795,419,0.2 | 100.5,36%,5.51 | 2.32 |
| 方案 | 优化目标 | Plin/W | vs/(mm·min-1) | vf/(r·min-1) | CT/g | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | CT | 300 | 450 | 0.2 | 53.9±3.2 | 3%±0.05% | 8.0±0.09 |
| 2 | 895 | 300 | 0.6 | 150.8±3.0 | 39%±1.5% | 4.48±0.050 | |
| 3 | 595 | 400 | 0.4 | 86.8±3.5 | 16%±1.4% | 6.0±0.08 | |
| 4 | 637 | 390 | 0.6 | 92.7±6.3 | 23%±2.0% | 5.5±0.07 | |
| 5 | 经验值 | 692 | 410 | 0.7 | 111.8±2.0 | 17%±2.2% | 5.3±0.06 |
表18 优化结果对比
Tab.18 Comparison of optimization results
| 方案 | 优化目标 | Plin/W | vs/(mm·min-1) | vf/(r·min-1) | CT/g | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | CT | 300 | 450 | 0.2 | 53.9±3.2 | 3%±0.05% | 8.0±0.09 |
| 2 | 895 | 300 | 0.6 | 150.8±3.0 | 39%±1.5% | 4.48±0.050 | |
| 3 | 595 | 400 | 0.4 | 86.8±3.5 | 16%±1.4% | 6.0±0.08 | |
| 4 | 637 | 390 | 0.6 | 92.7±6.3 | 23%±2.0% | 5.5±0.07 | |
| 5 | 经验值 | 692 | 410 | 0.7 | 111.8±2.0 | 17%±2.2% | 5.3±0.06 |
| 优化目标 | 优化值 | 经验值 | 优化幅度 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 碳排放 | 221.7±4.2 | 295.3±3.5 | 25% |
| 粉末利用率 | 15.0±1.1 | 12.1±0.9 | 19% |
| 宽高比 | 5.3±0.03 | 5.5±0.04 | 6% |
表19 优化前后对比
Tab.19 Comparison of before and after optimization
| 优化目标 | 优化值 | 经验值 | 优化幅度 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 碳排放 | 221.7±4.2 | 295.3±3.5 | 25% |
| 粉末利用率 | 15.0±1.1 | 12.1±0.9 | 19% |
| 宽高比 | 5.3±0.03 | 5.5±0.04 | 6% |
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