

China Mechanical Engineering ›› 2026, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (8): 2017-2028.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.08.021
XIAO Shichang1(
), LIN Xuan1, ZHENG Peng1(
), WANG Jinfeng2
Received:2025-08-07
Online:2026-08-25
Published:2026-09-17
Contact:
ZHENG Peng
通讯作者:
郑鹏
作者简介:肖世昌,男,1987年生,副教授、博士。研究方向为港口调度优化/智能制造系统建模与调度优化。E-mail: scxiao@shmtu.edu.cn
CLC Number:
XIAO Shichang, LIN Xuan, ZHENG Peng, WANG Jinfeng. Anti-conflict Path Planning for AGVs in the Automated Container Terminals Based on Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithm[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 37(8): 2017-2028.
肖世昌, 林轩, 郑鹏, 王金凤. 基于近端策略优化算法的自动化集装箱码头自动导引车防冲突路径规划[J]. 中国机械工程, 2026, 37(8): 2017-2028.
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URL: https://www.cmemo.org.cn/EN/10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.08.021
| 参数 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| AGV从当前位置向上运动是否会超过边界 | |
| AGV从当前位置向下运动是否会超过边界 | |
| AGV从当前位置向左运动是否会超过边界 | |
| AGV从当前位置向右运动是否会超过边界 | |
| AGV当前所处位置的横坐标 | |
| AGV当前所处位置的纵坐标 | |
| AGV当前位置与目标位置的相对横坐标 | |
| AGV当前位置与目标位置的相对纵坐标 | |
| 当前AGV与附近最近AGV之间的距离 |
Tab.1 Action space parameters
| 参数 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| AGV从当前位置向上运动是否会超过边界 | |
| AGV从当前位置向下运动是否会超过边界 | |
| AGV从当前位置向左运动是否会超过边界 | |
| AGV从当前位置向右运动是否会超过边界 | |
| AGV当前所处位置的横坐标 | |
| AGV当前所处位置的纵坐标 | |
| AGV当前位置与目标位置的相对横坐标 | |
| AGV当前位置与目标位置的相对纵坐标 | |
| 当前AGV与附近最近AGV之间的距离 |
| PPO算法步骤 |
|---|
Input: Output: 最大完工时间 1. 2. 3. 4. repeat 5. 根据state和 6. 7. 8. 根据 9. state = 10. 根据state计算奖励reward 11. list = 12. buffer = buffer + list ∥将list记录到经验数组buffer中 13. if buffer_length mod 2^9 == 0 then 14. 根据buffer,B,R,使用PPO算法更新神经网络参数 15. 16. until [ 17. 18. 19. return |
Tab.2 Implementation steps of AGV path planning algorithm based on PPO
| PPO算法步骤 |
|---|
Input: Output: 最大完工时间 1. 2. 3. 4. repeat 5. 根据state和 6. 7. 8. 根据 9. state = 10. 根据state计算奖励reward 11. list = 12. buffer = buffer + list ∥将list记录到经验数组buffer中 13. if buffer_length mod 2^9 == 0 then 14. 根据buffer,B,R,使用PPO算法更新神经网络参数 15. 16. until [ 17. 18. 19. return |
| 参数 | 取值 |
|---|---|
| 学习率 | 0.000 007 |
| 折扣因子 | 0.88 |
| 裁剪参数 | 0.2 |
| 批次大小(batch size) | 16 |
| 单轮更新的采样步数(sample step) | 512 |
| 数据复用次数(reuse times) | 2 |
| 限制新旧策略总体差异的系数 | 0.025 |
| GAE调整方差与偏差的系数 | 0.98 |
Tab.3 Hyperparameters of PPO algorithm
| 参数 | 取值 |
|---|---|
| 学习率 | 0.000 007 |
| 折扣因子 | 0.88 |
| 裁剪参数 | 0.2 |
| 批次大小(batch size) | 16 |
| 单轮更新的采样步数(sample step) | 512 |
| 数据复用次数(reuse times) | 2 |
| 限制新旧策略总体差异的系数 | 0.025 |
| GAE调整方差与偏差的系数 | 0.98 |
| 地图大小 | AGV个数 | 最大完工时间(Makespan) | 求解时间/s | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gurobi | A* | GA | 改进PPO | Gurobi | A* | GA | 改进PPO | ||
| 10×10 | 3 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 4.33 | 0.01 | 0.50 | 0.37 |
| 5 | 17 | 19 | 19 | 16 | 43.76 | 0.02 | 1.85 | 0.97 | |
| 10 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 21 | 478.96 | 0.03 | 3.67 | 1.91 | |
| 20×20 | 5 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 0.08 | 4.14 | 0.62 | ||
| 10 | 37 | 35 | 36 | 0.27 | 8.15 | 1.37 | |||
| 15 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 0.34 | 11.61 | 2.06 | |||
| 30×30 | 20 | 47 | 49 | 49 | 4.39 | 26.38 | 2.11 | ||
| 25 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 7.56 | 25.57 | 3.31 | |||
| 30 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 13.52 | 36.54 | 5.06 | |||
Tab.4 Performance comparison of three algorithms and the improved PPO under different scales
| 地图大小 | AGV个数 | 最大完工时间(Makespan) | 求解时间/s | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gurobi | A* | GA | 改进PPO | Gurobi | A* | GA | 改进PPO | ||
| 10×10 | 3 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 4.33 | 0.01 | 0.50 | 0.37 |
| 5 | 17 | 19 | 19 | 16 | 43.76 | 0.02 | 1.85 | 0.97 | |
| 10 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 21 | 478.96 | 0.03 | 3.67 | 1.91 | |
| 20×20 | 5 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 0.08 | 4.14 | 0.62 | ||
| 10 | 37 | 35 | 36 | 0.27 | 8.15 | 1.37 | |||
| 15 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 0.34 | 11.61 | 2.06 | |||
| 30×30 | 20 | 47 | 49 | 49 | 4.39 | 26.38 | 2.11 | ||
| 25 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 7.56 | 25.57 | 3.31 | |||
| 30 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 13.52 | 36.54 | 5.06 | |||
| AGV编号 | 起始位置坐标 | 终点位置坐标 | 任务类型 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | (0,1) | (10,4) | 前往岸桥装箱 |
| 2 | (0,3) | (10,7) | 前往岸桥装箱 |
| 3 | (10,3) | (0,6) | 前往堆场卸箱 |
| 4 | (10,6) | (0,8) | 前往堆场卸箱 |
| 5 | (10,9) | (0,2) | 前往堆场卸箱 |
Tab.5 Starting and ending positions of 5 AGVs
| AGV编号 | 起始位置坐标 | 终点位置坐标 | 任务类型 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | (0,1) | (10,4) | 前往岸桥装箱 |
| 2 | (0,3) | (10,7) | 前往岸桥装箱 |
| 3 | (10,3) | (0,6) | 前往堆场卸箱 |
| 4 | (10,6) | (0,8) | 前往堆场卸箱 |
| 5 | (10,9) | (0,2) | 前往堆场卸箱 |
| 地图大小 | AGV个数 | PPO算法是否考虑 防绕远机制 | 训练轮数 | 最大完工时间 (Makespan) | AGV完工时间之和 | AGV路径步数之和 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10×10 | 5 | 否 | 300 | 18 | 80 | 79 |
| 是 | 300 | 16 | 69 | 73 | ||
| 10×10 | 10 | 否 | 300 | 23 | 195 | 185 |
| 是 | 300 | 21 | 168 | 167 |
Tab.6 Comparison of path planning results for AGVs on bidirectional lanes using two PPO algorithms
| 地图大小 | AGV个数 | PPO算法是否考虑 防绕远机制 | 训练轮数 | 最大完工时间 (Makespan) | AGV完工时间之和 | AGV路径步数之和 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10×10 | 5 | 否 | 300 | 18 | 80 | 79 |
| 是 | 300 | 16 | 69 | 73 | ||
| 10×10 | 10 | 否 | 300 | 23 | 195 | 185 |
| 是 | 300 | 21 | 168 | 167 |
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