空化与非空化下高速开关阀阀芯液压力特性研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.02.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对不同参数对高速开关阀液压力的影响，采用计算流体动力学（CFD）技术对阀内流场进行瞬态数值模拟。在非空化和空化工况下，分别探究压差、背压、温度对阀芯液压力的影响，揭示不同开度下的空化流场特性和阀芯液压力的演变；选取空化较严重的工况，探究空化波动和液压力振荡之间的关联。结果表明：随着开度的增加，阀芯所受液压力呈减小趋势；随着压差的不断增大，非空化工况阀芯液压力减幅远大于空化工况，在6 MPa与10 MPa压差下尤为明显；背压的增大一定程度上抑制了空化的发生，使得空化时的液压力呈近似线性减小，但几乎不影响非空化下的液压力大小；温度升高使小开度下更易发生空化，且空化时液压力演变更加平滑。另外，阀口空化产生的气泡以非对称“活塞”特性型式依次排出阀体，导致阀内气泡体积以1355 Hz主频周期性振荡，进一步诱导阀芯头部及整个阀体液压力以相同主频波动。

关键词: 高速开关阀, 空化, 液压力, 数值模拟

Abstract:

Aiming at the influences of different parameters on the hydraulic pressure of high-speed switching valves， the transient numerical simulation of the flow field in the valve was carried out by using computational fluid dynamics（CFD） technology. Under non-cavitation and cavitation conditions， the effects of pressure difference， back pressure and temperature on the hydraulic pressure of the valve cores were investigated respectively， and the cavitation flow field characteristics and the evolution of the hydraulic pressure of the valve cores under different opening degrees were revealed. The working conditions with severe cavitation were selected to explore the correlation between cavitation fluctuation and hydraulic pressure oscillation. The results show that with the increase of opening degree， the hydraulic pressure on the spool decreases. With the increase of pressure difference， the pressure drops of valve cores under non-cavitation conditions are much larger than that under cavitation conditions， especially under 6 MPa and 10 MPa pressure difference. The increase of back pressure restrains the occurrence of cavitation to a certain extent， which makes the liquid pressure during cavitation decrease approximately linearly， but almost does not affect the liquid pressure under non-cavitation. The increase of temperature makes cavitation more likely to occur under small opening， and the evolution of liquid pressure under cavitation is smoother. On the other hand， the bubbles generated by the cavitation of the valve ports are discharged from the valve body in an asymmetric ‘piston’ characteristic， which causes the bubble volume in the valve to oscillate periodically at the main frequency of 1355 Hz， and further induces the head of the valve core and the overall hydraulic pressure to fluctuate at the same main frequency.

Key words: high-speed switching valve, cavitation, hydraulic pressure, numerical simulation

中图分类号:

TH173

陈誉, 赵琛, 何玉文, 翟富刚, 孔祥东. 空化与非空化下高速开关阀阀芯液压力特性研究[J]. 中国机械工程, 2026, 37(2): 285-294.

CHEN Yu, ZHAO Chen, HE Yuwen, ZHAI Fugang, KONG Xiangdong. Research on Hydraulic Pressure Characteristics of High Speed Switching Valve under Cavitation and Non Cavitation Conditions[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 37(2): 285-294.

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链接本文: https://www.cmemo.org.cn/CN/10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.02.004

https://www.cmemo.org.cn/CN/Y2026/V37/I2/285

图/表 26

图1 高速开关阀结构与阀口局部放大图1.线圈 2.隔磁管 3.阀体 4.阀座 5.动铁 6.阀芯7.弹簧 8.挡圈

Fig.1 High-speed switching valve structure and valve port local amplification diagram

图2 开关阀阀内油液流动示意图

Fig.2 Flow diagram of oil in switching valve

图3 开关阀网格划分图

Fig.3 Grid division diagram of switch valve

表1 仿真模型参数

Tab.1 Simulation model parameters

液压油密度/（kg·m³）	850
液压油空化压力/Pa	400
计算时间步长/s	1×10 $- 5$

表1 仿真模型参数

Tab.1 Simulation model parameters

液压油密度/（kg·m³）	850
液压油空化压力/Pa	400
计算时间步长/s	1×10 $- 5$

图4 进出口压力及压差边界条件

Fig.4 Boundary condition of inlet， outlet pressure and pressure difference

图5 DOT4液压油的温度动力黏度曲线

Fig.5 Temperature dynamic viscosity curve of DOT4 hydraulic oil

图6 PIV试验测试台

Fig.6 PIV test rig and system

图7 实验与仿真流场对比

Fig.7 Flow field comparison between experiment and simulation

图8 小开度压差与液压力曲线

Fig.8 Pressure difference and hydraulic force curve at small openings

图9 大开度压差与液压力曲线

Fig.9 Pressure difference and hydraulic force curve at large openings

图10 压差6 MPa下qt区域液压力

Fig.10 Hydraulic force of qt part under the pressure difference of 6 MPa

图11 气相体积分布

Fig.11 Distribution of gas phase

图12 小开度下空化与非空化液压力

Fig.12 Cavitation and non-cavitation hydraulic force at small openings

图13 大开度下空化与非空化液压力

Fig.13 Cavitation and non-cavitation hydraulic force at large openings

图14 空化体积和液压力随背压变化

Fig.14 Cavitation volume and hydraulic force against back pressure

图15 不同背压下空化云图

Fig.15 Cavitation contour under different back pressure

图16 不同温度下液压力随开度变化

Fig.16 Variation of hydraulic force with opening at different temperatures

图17 不同温度下空化体积随开度变化

Fig.17 Variation of cavitation volume with opening at different temperatures

图18 阀内空化体积分数云图

Fig.18 Contour of cavitation volume fraction in valve

图19 qt和t1液压力与监测面总空化体积分数频谱

Fig.19 Frequency spectrum of hydraulic force and total cavitation volume fraction on monitoring surfaces

图20 监测面空化体积分数曲线与空化体积变化

Fig.20 Cavitation volume fraction on monitoring surfaces and cavitation volume variation

图21 t1段液压力与空化体积分数变化

Fig.21 Variation of t1 hydraulic force and cavitation volume fraction

图22 qt段液压力与空化体积分数变化

Fig.22 Variation of qt hydraulic force and cavitation volume fraction

图23 点位置示意图

Fig.23 point position diagram

图24 出口侧三点空化体积分数波动特征

Fig.24 Fluctuation of cavitation volume fraction at three points near the outlets

图25 出口对侧三点空化体积分数波动特征

Fig.25 Fluctuation of cavitation volume fraction at three points opposite the outlets

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