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A High-dimensional Uncertainty Propagation Method Based on Supervised Dimension Reduction and Adaptive Kriging Modeling SONG Zhouzhou1, 2, ZHANG Hanyu1, 2, LIU Zhao3, ZHU Ping1, 2 China Mechanical Engineering    2024, 35 (05): 762-769，810.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2024.05.001 Abstract （1387）      PDF（pc） （3068KB）（221）       Knowledge map    Save  High-dimensional uncertainty propagation currently faced the curse of dimensionality, which made it difficult to utilize the limited sampling resources to obtain high-precision uncertainty analysis results. To address this problem, a high-dimensional uncertainty propagation method was proposed based on supervised dimension reduction and adaptive Kriging modeling. The high-dimensional inputs were projected into the low-dimensional space using the improved sufficient dimension reduction method, and the dimensionality of the low-dimensional space was determined by using the Ladle estimator. The projection matrix was embedded into the Kriging kernel function to reduce the number of hyperparameters to be estimated and improve the modeling accuracy and efficiency. Finally, the leave-one-out cross-validation error of the projection matrix was innovatively defined and the corresponding Kriging adaptive sampling strategy was proposed, which might effectively avoid large fluctuations of model accuracy in the adaptive sampling processes. The results of numerical and engineering examples show that, compared with the existing methods, the proposed method may obtain high-precision uncertainty propagation results with fewer sample points, which may provide references for the uncertainty analysis and design of complex structures.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A Sequential Simulation Method for Dynamic Uncertainty Analysis of Rigid-flexible Coupling Systems under Interval Process Excitations LIU Yanhao, NI Bingyu, TIAN Wanyi, JIANG Chao China Mechanical Engineering    2024, 35 (05): 770-783.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2024.05.002 Abstract （1146）      PDF（pc） （9281KB）（125）       Knowledge map    Save For the dynamic problem of rigid-flexible coupling systems under dynamic uncertain excitations, an interval process model-based sequential simulation method was proposed for uncertainty analysis, which aimed to obtain the upper and lower bounds of the system dynamic responses such as structural vibrations and mechanism kinematics, by sequential sampling of the interval process and the rigid-flexible coupling dynamics simulations. The construction and numerical solution of the dynamic equation of the rigid-flexible coupling systems with central rigid body and flexible beam were introduced. Aiming at the dynamic analysis of rigid-flexible coupling systems under uncertain dynamic excitations, the interval process model and the interval K-L expansion were introduced to quantify and represent the dynamic uncertainty efficiently, and a sequential simulation method was proposed to solve the upper and lower bounds of the dynamic responses of the system mechanism motions and structural vibrations. The method used a sequential simulation strategy to identify the interval process parameter sample sets that contributed to the upper or lower bounds of dynamic responses in the cur rent simulation sequence, and served as the local encrypted sampling center in the next simulation sequence, which might effectively avoid the inefficient convergence problem caused by excessive invalid sampling simulations when calculating the upper and lower bounds of dynamic response in direct Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, three examples were given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the sequential simulation method has better computational efficiency and accuracy than that of the direct Monte Carlo simulation method for solving the upper and lower bounds of the rigid-flexible coupling systems large overall motions and vibration responses. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Heat Exchange Micro-tube Vibration Analysis and Reliability Evaluation Methods for Diaphragm Micro-channel Pre-coolers WANG Zheng, MA Tongling, WANG Bowen, GU Meidan China Mechanical Engineering    2024, 35 (05): 869-876,885.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2024.05.012 Abstract （1080）      PDF（pc） （3506KB）（66）       Knowledge map    Save For the problem of heat exchange micro-tube vibration reliability of diaphragm micro-channel pre-coolers which was one of the key components of pre-cooled air breathing combined cycle engines, the method and mathmatical model for calculating the natural vibration characteristics of heat exchange micro-tubes were developed, and the vibration modes and their mechanism of heat exchange micro-tube with the action of high speed air flow were studied. Then, the vibration modes including the vortex shedding excitation vibration, the turbulent buffeting vibration and the elastic excitation vibration were taken into account, and the reliability evalutating model of pre-coolers with heat exchange micro-tube vibration failure mode was derived. The pre-cooler heat exchange micro-tube vibration reliability of change rules were revealed. The results show that the natural vibration frequency of heat exchange micro-tube is affected by the parameters including outside diameter, pipe wall thickness, adjacent support plate spacing, material properties and so on, and the vibration modes of heat exchange micro-tube have the characteristics of sine function. Three important vibration modes including the vortex shedding excitation vibration, the turbulent buffeting vibration and the elastic excitation vibration those may happen in the heat exchange micro tubes of pre-cooler with the action of high speed air flow. And with the increasing of flow velocity of cooled working fluid, the heat exchange micro-tube vibration reliability of pre-coolers decreases firstly, and then increases and approaches a certain value. In order to avoid the resonance of heat exchange micro tubes, the structural parameters may be designed rationally with the operating profile and the flow and heat transfer characteristics may be also taken into account. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Digital Transformation Mode and Strategy of SMEs in China WANG Baicun, ZHU Kailing, XUE Yuan, BAI Jie, ZANG Jiyuan, XIE Haibo, YANG Huayong, China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (14): 1756-1763.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.14.013 Abstract （1079）      PDF（pc） （5220KB）（749）       Knowledge map    Save Promoting the digital transformation of SMEs was of great significance for Chinas manufacturing industries to improve quality and increase efficiency. SMEs were facing problems in digital transformation, such as high cost, fuzzy path, talent shortage, and lacking analytical framework and reference paradigm for digital transformation. The key factors to achieve digital transformation were clarified by building an analytical framework for SMEs digital transformation herein. Through case studies, 4 basic path models of digital transformation of SMEs were summarized and proposed. Based on the above researches, targeted suggestions were proposed for SMEs digital transformation in China, so as to promote the digital and intelligent development of SMEs. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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High Dimensional Multioutput Uncertainty Propagation Method via Active Learning and Bayesian Deep Neural Network LIU Jingfei1, JIANG Chao2, NI Bingyu2, WANG Zongtai3 China Mechanical Engineering    2024, 35 (05): 792-801.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2024.05.004 Abstract （945）      PDF（pc） （4472KB）（110）       Knowledge map    Save An uncertainty propagation method was proposed based on active learning and BDNN for solving the high dimensional multioutput problems existed in practical engineering. Since the multiple output responses corresponded to the same input variables, the efficient one-step sampling was implemented and the initial training dataset was established. BDNN was utilized for initially establishing the surrogate model for high dimensional multioutput problem. Because BDNN might provide the uncertainty estimation for multiple predictive output responses simultaneously, an active sampling strategy was proposed for high dimensional multioutput problem. Then, Monte Carlo sampling(MCS) method and Gaussian mixture model were combined for computing the joint probability density function of multiple output responses. The results show that proposed method may avoid the repeated computing processes for different output responses individually, and make full use of the internal relationship among multiple output responses for implementing active learning. Therefore, the efficiency for solving high-dimensional multioutput problems may be improved to some extent. Finally, several numerical examples were utilized to validate the efficiency of the proposed method.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Reliability-based Design Optimization of Larger-caliber Artillery Ammunition Coordinator Mechanisms YAN Lijun1, LI Guangqi1, LIU Qin2, GAO Jingzhou1, SONG Huabin1, LUO Xiaoping1 China Mechanical Engineering    2024, 35 (05): 877-885.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2024.05.013 Abstract （927）      PDF（pc） （3107KB）（91）       Knowledge map    Save In order to improve the coordination engagement efficiency while maintaining the high reliability of the coordination engagement action, a reliability optimization design of ammunition coordinators was carried out. Considering the main geometric dimensions, manufacturing errors, elastic deformation of important components and other factors, a parametric rigid-flexible coupled dynamic model of ammunition coordinators was established, the failures of the coordination engagement action for coordinators were reproduced through the parametric dynamics analysis, then the performance function corresponding to the coordination failure mode and the reliability optimization design model of the coordinators were built. In order to improve the efficiency and accuracy of solving the coordinator reliability optimization design model, a new Kriging model adaptive update strategy was constructed and combined with SQP method and performance measure approach(PMA)/ reliability index approach(RIA), and the coordinator mechanism reliability optimization design method was proposed. The results show that the coordination efficiency of the coordinators is greatly improved under the conditions that the coordination engagement reliability meets the requirements, and the validity and engineering value of the proposed reliability optimization design method are also verified. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Accelerated Test Verification and Evaluation of Storage Reliability Statistical Model of Polyurethane Sealing Elements for Electrical Connectors QIAN Ping, CHEN Chi, CHEN Wenhua, WU Shanqi, GUO Mingda China Mechanical Engineering    2024, 35 (05): 886-894.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2024.05.014 Abstract （814）      PDF（pc） （4553KB）（58）       Knowledge map    Save  In order to address the issues of life evaluation for polyurethane sealing elements used in electrical connectors during prolonged storage conditions, the underlying mechanism behind cohesion failure and boundary failure that contributed to performance degradation of these seals was analyzed. The reliability statistical model of polyurethane sealing elements for electrical connectors, established at the mechanism level, was validated at a statistical level by comprehensively applying particle swarm optimization algorithm and regression analysis, AD test and goodness of fit test methods to the comprehensive stress accelerated degradation data of temperature and humidity on polyurethane sealing elements. The validity of the failure mechanism analysis was confirmed through SEM and EDS techniques. Ultimately, the developed model was employed to assess the reliable lifespan of polyurethane adhesive seals for electrical connectors under the  storage environment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Robot Welding Trajectory Planning and High Frequency Control for Curved Seams WU Chaoqun, ZHAO Song, LEI Ting China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (14): 1723-1728.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.14.009 Abstract （805）      PDF（pc） （6070KB）（432）       Knowledge map    Save In a robotic real-time seam tracking system, the trajectory planning and control delay affected the tracking accuracy and welding quality. To solve this problem, a piecewise real-time trajectory planning and control method for curved seams was proposed by combining B-spline curve interpolation algorithm and EGM module. Firstly, the trajectory was segmented according to the principle of optimal interpolation time. Secondly, three times non-uniform B-spline was used to interpolate each trajectory to obtain the interpolation points. Finally, the high-frequency controller of the robot was designed. The interpolation points were sent to the robot by EGM module in a cycle of 4 ms to guide the robot movements. The experimental results show that this method may complete the planning of sine curve weld and guide the robot welding in 100 ms, and the tracking errors were controlled within ±0.2 mm, which realizes the rapid trajectory planning and high-frequency control. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Time-series Correlation Prediction of Quality in Process Production Processes Based on Deep TCN and Transfer Learning YIN Yanchao, SHI Chengjuan, ZOU Chaopu, LIU Xiaobao China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (14): 1659-1671.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.14.003 Abstract （791）      PDF（pc） （13154KB）（206）       Knowledge map    Save  To address the problems which were difficult to accurately predict production quality due to the temporal coupling of multiple processing parameters in process production, a fast and efficient production quality prediction method was proposed based on deep TCN networks and migration learning. With a sequence-to-sequence learning structure, a deep TCN and a temporal attention mechanism formed the encoding component for extracting key temporal features from multiple sources, while a residual long short term memory network formed the decoding component for simultaneous extraction of quality temporal information, and migration learning was introduced to address the adaptability of the prediction model to online production quality prediction. The experiments show that the proposed method has significant advantages in prediction accuracy and stability, and has high prediction accuracy and computational efficiency in predicting small sample data. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Human Factor Engineering for Human-Cyber-Physical System Collaboration in Intelligent Manufacturing YANG Xiaonan, FANG Haonan, LI Jianguo, XUE Qing China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (14): 1710-1722,1740.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.14.008 Abstract （786）      PDF（pc） （5740KB）（535）       Knowledge map    Save The theoretical system of intelligent manufacturing for HCPS confirmed the central position of human in the intelligent manufacturing system. Starting from the demand of human-machine collaboration in the intelligent manufacturing system, the emphases of human factors in HCIM were discussed from three levels such as behavior, intention, and cognition, based on the theory of gulf. Focusing on virtual-real fusion scenarios, multimodal human-machine interaction, cognitive quantification and other methods, the importance of human factor engineering in promoting the integration of human-computer intelligence was expounded. Finally, research direction and development suggestions of human-centered intelligent manufacturing from the implementation of HCPS intelligent manufacturing systems were put forward. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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An Estimation Method of Failure Probability Function Based on AK-MCS-K SONG Haizheng1, 2, ZHOU Changcong1, 2, LI Lei1, 2, LIN Huagang1, 2, YUE Zhufeng1, 2 China Mechanical Engineering    2024, 35 (05): 784-791.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2024.05.003 Abstract （774）      PDF（pc） （4039KB）（103）       Knowledge map    Save An efficient method for solving the failure probability function was proposed to address the difficulties of solving the failure probability function in reliability optimization design, such as complexity and large amount of computation. The basic idea of the proposed method was to utilize the adaptive Kriging method to construct a local surrogate model of the full space of input variables at the failure boundary. The local surrogate model was then combined with the Monte Carlo simulation method to calculate the failure probability of the structures under the specified distribution parameter samples. The functional relationship between the sample points of the distribution parameters and the structural failure probability was then fitted by the Kriging method. Finalization of the implicit function of the failure probability function expressed in terms of the Kriging model. In order to test the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method, two examples were given to compare the computational results of the proposed method with those of the existing methods for solving failure probability functions. The results of examples show that the proposed method is suitable for solving complicated functional function problems and significantly reduces the amount of computation while satisfying the accuracy requirements. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A Wafer Cycle Processing Time Prediction Method Incorporating Double Attention Mechanism and Parallel GRU DAI Jiabin, ZHANG Jie, WU Lihui China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (14): 1640-1646.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.14.001 Abstract （763）      PDF（pc） （4600KB）（347）       Knowledge map    Save Low efficiency and low prediction accuracy were caused by the large scale of production feature data, complex correlation among features, and strong correlation of feature samples in wafer fabrication processes, so a wafer processing cycle prediction method integrating double attention mechanism and parallel GRU was proposed. Firstly, Relief-F algorithm was used to reduce the dimensionality of production feature data. Secondly, a fuzzy C-mean algorithm was used to cluster the process similarity of data samples and design a parallel GRU network to explore the strong correlation among wafer feature samples. Finally, a double attention mechanism was designed to learn the complex correlation information within key features and among features and processing cycle. The experimental results show that the proposed method may effectively reduce the prediction training time and improve the prediction accuracy. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Hybrid Flow Shop Scheduling Problems with Unrelated Parallel Machine Solved by Improved Adaptive Genetic Algorithm(IAGA) with ITPX ZHENG Kun, LIAN Zhiwei, GU Xinyan, ZHU Changjian, XU Hui, FENG Xueqing China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (14): 1647-1658，1671.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.14.002 Abstract （761）      PDF（pc） （4458KB）（226）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at the hybrid flow-shop scheduling problems, an adaptive genetic algorithm with ITPX was proposed. Firstly, the solution performance of two-points crossover（TPX） was improved by exacting point taking method. Secondly, adaptive selection probability was demonstrated based on hormonal regulation guiding convergence trend of populations. Then, a pool of high-quality chromosomes and a memory factor were established to record the high-quality chromosomes during population evolution, and two different regional crossovers were implemented. Experimentsal results show that ITPX may save optimization time and improve solution performance; the adaptive probability may enhance convergence; ITPX-IAGA may reduce solution time by more than 40% and improve solution performance. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progresses of Superhydrophobic Surface Processing Technology and Abrasion Resistance HUANG Yun, HUANG Jianchao, XIAO Guijian, LIU Shuai, LIN Ouchuan, LIU Zhenyang China Mechanical Engineering    2024, 35 (01): 2-26.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2024.01.001 Abstract （753）      PDF（pc） （50387KB）（786）       Knowledge map    Save The abrasion resistance of currently prepared superhydrophobic surfaces is generally poor, which limite the applications in various fields. Studied results found that micro-nano structure and low surface energy were the key factors to achieve superhydrophobic properties. Firstly, based on the mechanism of superhydrophobic surface, the superhydrophobic surface texture was summarized, aiming to solve the wear-prone challenge of micro-nano structures by optimizing the surface texture. Secondly, the superhydrophobic surface processing technology was summarized, and measures to reduce surface energy were analyzed in terms of cost and efficiency which might provide ideas for expanding the superhydrophobic surface processing system. Then, the means of analyzing the abrasion resistance of superhydrophobic surfaces were concluded in detail and the methods of improving the abrasion resistance of superhydrophobic surfaces were described. Finally, the future development prospects of abrasion resistant superhydrophobic surfaces was prospected, with a view to promote the large-scale applications of superhydrophobic surfaces in engineering. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Reliability Modeling and Analysis of Micro Accelerometers under Multi-load Environments GUAN Cunhe1, 2, XU Gaobin1, 2, JIANG Jingqi1, 2, WANG Huanzhang1, 2, CHEN Xing1, 2, MA Yuanming1, 2 China Mechanical Engineering    2024, 35 (05): 860-868.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2024.05.011 Abstract （704）      PDF（pc） （3137KB）（80）       Knowledge map    Save A reliability estimation model for micro-electro-mechanical system(MEMS) micro accelerometer was proposed based on the total probability theory under a multi-load environment, addressing issues related to sensitive structural fractures and material fatigue degradation. The model combined homogeneous Poisson processes and Wiener degradation processes to characterize the number of impact loads acting on the micro accelerometers within a unit time and the fatigue degradation process of the device under vibrational loads. The model accomplished reliability modeling for the micro accelerometers under generalized extreme impacts, generalized δ- impacts and generalized mixed impact conditions. The reliabilities of the three models were compared and analyzed with time, and the results of reliability calculations from the generalized mixed impact model offer more valuable insights. Furthermore, a parameter sensitivity analysis of generalized mixed impact model shows that impact intensity and impact times have significant influences on the reliability of micro accelerometers. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Status and Development Trends of Large Wind Turbine Main Shaft Sliding Bearings ZHU Caichao1, ZHANG Ronghua1, SONG Chaoshen1, TAN Jianjun1, YANG Liang2 China Mechanical Engineering    2024, 35 (10): 1711-1721.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2024.10.001 Abstract （679）      PDF（pc） （4422KB）（412）       Knowledge map    Save The pace of large wind turbine units was accelerating, and the reliability of core components was increasingly important for wind turbine operations. Sliding bearings had the advantages of high load capacity, long life, easy maintenance, scalability and small size, and they had advantages and great potential for the reliable replacement of wind turbine main bearings key components produced at home. The problems of main shaft rolling bearings in high-power wind turbines and the advantages of using sliding bearings on the main shaft were analyzed herein. The technical methods and application status of wind turbine main shaft sliding bearing design, materials, lubrication, and experimental verification were present in detail, and the existing problems of high-power wind turbine main shaft sliding bearings and future development trends were summarized. It is expected to provide reference for the digital design and industrial development of high-power wind turbine main bearings. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Optimization of Process Parameters in Process Manufacturing Based on Ensemble Learning and Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm LIU Xiaobao, YAN Qingxiu, YI Bin, YAO Tingqiang, GU Wenjuan China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (23): 2842-2853.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.23.008 Abstract （657）      PDF（pc） （12172KB）（267）       Knowledge map    Save  Considering the complexity of technological processes， the serious coupling between multiple processes and the difficulties in optimizing process parameters during the process manufacturing， a multi-process technological parameter fusion optimization method was proposed based on LSTM neural network， XGBoost algorithm and IPSO algorithm. A data preprocessing model was established based on LSTM neural network， and the time series characteristics of processing data were extracted through LSTM neural network， which realized the processing of outlier in process data. And a PSO-XGBoost quality prediction model was constructed by fitting the nonlinear relationship between processing parameters and quality indexes with XGBoost and combining with particle swarm optimization algorithm. Then the output of the quality prediction model was taken as the fitness， and the improved particle swarm algorithm was used for trolling the global optimal processing parameters， which realized the fusion optimization of the quality of process manufacturing. A process production line of an enterprise was taken as an example to verify the effectiveness of the multi-process technological parameter fusion optimization model.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A Robotic Multi-directional Polishing Trajectory Generation Method Based on Preston-PSO Algorithm LI Jiaxuan, LI Lun, ZHOU Bo, ZHAO Jibin, ZHU Guang, WANG Zhengjia, China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (14): 1729-1740.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.14.010 Abstract （656）      PDF（pc） （13506KB）（202）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at the texture phenomenon in robotic polishing processes, a multi-directional trajectory generation method used for robotic polishing was proposed based on Preston equation and particle swarm optimization algorithm，and the generated multidirectional polishing path was smooth, evenly distributed and without corners. Simulations and experiments show that compared with the polishing effectiveness of parallel trajectory, the trajectory generated by this algorithm may effectively inhibit the generation of surface polishing texture, reduce the roughness of polished surfaces, improve the surface quality, and obtain good mirror polishing effectiveness. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A Topology Optimized Design Method for High-performance Structures with Fluid-thermal-mechanics Coupling LI Rongqi, YAN Tao, HE Zhicheng, MI Dong, JIANG Chao, ZHENG Jing China Mechanical Engineering    2024, 35 (03): 487-497.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2024.03.011 Abstract （640）      PDF（pc） （5000KB）（686）       Knowledge map    Save The rapid advancement of topology optimization and additive manufacturing technology provided efficient methods for designing and manufacturing high-performance complex equipment. However, current topology optimization techniques for high-performance structures only considered the design of thermal-mechanics coupling or fluid-thermal coupling, and were mostly limited to simple structures. The design under the combined effects of fluid-thermal-mechanics fields was not considered, which restricted the enhancement of structural performance. This paper tackled the challenge of designing high-performance complex structures under multi-physics fields, encompassing fluid-thermal-mechanics interactions. A topology optimization method was proposed to enhance the ability to withstand temperature of intricate structures. Firstly, the governing equations of flow field, temperature field and structural displacement field were introduced to provide a unified description of the fluid-solid materials within the computational domain. Secondly, the topology optimization model was formulated with fluid-thermal-mechanics coupling. The objective function was set to minimize the average temperature, while flow energy dissipation and structural compliance served as constraint functions. Sensitivity analysis of design variables was carried out by using a combination of the variational method and Lagrangian function. Finally, the established topology optimization model was applied to the structural design of a turbine, resulting in a structure suitable for additive manufacturing with excellent heat dissipation performance and well-balanced flow channel distribution. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Evolution of Concept of Machine Composition from the 19th Century to Modern Time ZHANG Ce, YANG Tingli, LIU Jianqin China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (10): 1135-1139.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.10.001 Abstract （632）      PDF（pc） （2405KB）（579）       Knowledge map    Save  With increasing of productivity and development of machines， the concept of “machine composition” also evolved. The requirements of modern society for machines were gradually increasing， and complex machines came from the transformation of traditional machines. Understanding the evolution of machines was a necessary process for the transformation of traditional machines. Marx first described the composition of machines in his Das Kapital， which coincided with the start of the Second Industrial Revolution. However， within only a few years， the control system joined a machine， and Marxs “concept of machine composition” began to be broken through. In the second half of the 20th century， in the Third Scientific and Technological Revolution， the concept of mechatronics emerged， and electronic technology， control technology and sensor technology were integrated into mechanical systems. The evolution processes of the concept of machine composition were explained through the history of the development of machines herein. By analyzing the evolution of the concept of machine composition， a more accurate definition of modern mechanical systems was put forword. It may enlighten people， increase their understanding of the machine itself， which has guiding significance for modern mechanical product designers.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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High Rigidity and Lightweight Design of Purlins in Photovoltaic Tracker Bracket DONG Xiaohu, WANG Shitao, ZHOU Dechun China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (10): 1207-1213.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.10.010 Abstract （613）      PDF（pc） （5559KB）（483）       Knowledge map    Save In the intelligent photovoltaic tracker brackets， cold-formed purlins were used to support the photovoltaic panels， and located spannig the horizontal single-axis and the module frame. Firstly， the minimum compliance of the structures was taken as the target and relative densities of elements were taken as the design variables， and the topology optimum design models were constructed under the given volume and the first natural frequency constraints. Optimal material distributions of the purlins were obtained based on SIMP (solid isotropic material with penalization) method， and this topology optimization structure was engineering designed and manufactured. Then， test load conditions were designed according to the practical environment where the photovoltaic tracker brackets were applied under different wind loads. The static and dynamic finite element analyses of the original and optimized purlins were carried out respectively， the simulation results show that the optimized purlins are improved in terms of bending resistance， torsion resistance， and natural frequency. Thus， the effectiveness of the optimization design method is verified. After that， the optimal purlins whose mass is reduced by 8.8% were also manufactured by engineering methods， and the mechanics performances were verified by the experiments.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Finite Element Analysis for Extrusion, Assembly and Loosening Processes of Hi-lock Nuts ZHANG Jingdong, DENG BoGUI Xuewen, LI Jian, LIAO Ridong China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (12): 1387-1394，1406.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.12.001 Abstract （613）      PDF（pc） （12625KB）（354）       Knowledge map    Save  The FE（finite element） modeling method of UNJ threaded hi-lock nuts was investigated, and a modeling program was written to generate structured meshes, through which the fine FE meshed model was established. The extrusion process, assembly process and loosening behavior under transverse loads of hi-lock nuts were simulated by finite element method（FEM）, and the simulated locking torque was verified by tightening tests. The simulation results show that within a certain range, the maximum radial displacement and the locking torque of the hi-lock nuts are linearly related to the extrusion amount approximately. With the extrusion amount increases, the maximum radial displacement and the locking torque both increase. The higher the locking torque of the hi-lock nuts, the better the anti-loosening performance. However, there is an optimal value of the extrusion amount for the anti-loosening performance. Once the extrusion amount exceeds the optimum value, increasing the amount of extrusion does not have a significant effect on the improvement of the anti-loosening performance. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Online Diagnostic Inspection and Prediction of Product Quality in Injection Molding Intelligent Factories Based on Data Mining CHEN Yu, XIANG Wei, GONG Chuan China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (14): 1749-1755.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.14.012 Abstract （608）      PDF（pc） （1793KB）（481）       Knowledge map    Save The dimensional accuracy of injection products was related to the injection processing parameters, and the real-time conditions of each stage in the injection processes and the changes of real-time working conditions. A workpiece quality diagnosis model was developed herein based on data mining. The real-time data collected by high-frequency sensors such as temperature, pressure, and displacement etc. in mold were used to construct the high-dimensional time series feature set. A three-stage feature selection method was used to determine the key feature subset, which was used to train the online quality detection model based on LightGBM classifier. The future values of each features were predicted based on the CNN-LSTM temporal prediction model, and the product quality was forecasted in advance with the classifier. The results show that the average recall rate of the macros is as 89.1%, and the average recall rate of the macros is as 81.6%. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progresses on Incremental EMF Technology for Thin-walled Components CHENG Xiao1, LI Rui2, ZOU Guisheng2, LIN Junfeng1, 3, YU Haiping1, 3 China Mechanical Engineering    2024, 35 (12): 2092-2105.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2024.12.001 Abstract （606）      PDF（pc） （12617KB）（123）       Knowledge map    Save With the development of Chinas high-end manufacturing industries, the demands for thin-walled components in many industrial fields such as aerospace were increased dramatically. The high-speed forming characteristics, traditional EMF was successfully applied to the production of thin-walled components of some key lightweight materials. However, due to the limitations of forming coil and discharge equipment, it was difficult to process large-scale and complex structure parts. In the past decade, incremental EMF technology was developed and gradually applied to the large thin-wall components processing, where a large number of research results were emerged. On the basis of briefly describing the principle and characteristics of EMF technology, the existing incremental EMF technology was divided into two categories according to the processing form: incremental electromagnetic composite forming and incremental electromagnetic direct forming. The research status of each processes was expounded from the aspects of basic principle, technical scheme and application results. Thus the main problems existing in the incremental EMF technology were analyzed, then the future development prospects and research direction of the incremental EMF technology were prospected. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Design of 3K Planetary Gear Reducers with No Backlash WANG Weijun, YANG Guilin, DU Qinghao, CHEN Qingying, China Mechanical Engineering    2024, 35 (01): 36-44,55.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2024.01.003 Abstract （573）      PDF（pc） （10399KB）（357）       Knowledge map    Save Due to the presence of clearances in the gearing of 3K planetary gear reducers， transmission clearances were introduced into the transmission chain， resulting in a decrease in transmission accuracy and causing impacts during driving direction changes. By utilizing the characteristics that the carrier did not participate in torque transmission in 3K planetary gear transmission， a flexible planetary carrier was innovatively proposed to eliminate clearances of 3K planetary gear reducers， and the effectiveness of the proposed clearance elimination mechanisms was verified through simulation analysis. Gear matching and efficiency optimization were performed to achieve high forward and backward driving efficiency. Through the development of a prototype and testing of transmission accuracy， hysteresis characteristics， sinusoidal response error， transmission efficiency， and reverse starting torque， the effectiveness of the proposed flexible planetary carrier in eliminating clearances， transmission accuracy improvement， transmission efficiency and reverse transmission performance promoting was verified.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A Bionic Bouncing Robot Design and Made Inspired by Locusts WANG Kaidi, CHEN Suifan, TANG Wei, QIN Kecheng, LI Qipeng, YANG Zhan, LIU Yang, ZOU Jun China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (24): 2946-2951.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.24.006 Abstract （569）      PDF（pc） （3896KB）（568）       Knowledge map    Save  In order to improve the mobility of small robots and increase the diversity of movement gait, a jumping robot imitating locust bouncing was designed based on the body structure and movement mechanism of locusts, and the main body was made by 3D printing. And for reproducing the locusts bouncing mechanism, a torsion spring was installed at the joints of the robot body to simulate the locusts SLP(semilunar energy storage) mechanism. When the robot met an obstacle, the torsion spring released the stored elastic potential energy and generated a ground reaction force, which realized the robots bouncing and thus crossed the obstacle. The robot might imitate the locusts jumping actions, and simulate the locusts flexibility to a certain extent. It was experimentally verified that the robot has good jumping performance, with a jumping distance of up to 100 cm and a jumping height of up to 120 cm which is about 15 times of the own length. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Mechanism and Influencing Factors of Shape Warpage of TA2/Q235B Composite Plates during Stress Relief Annealing WANG Rui, ZHAO Zhimin, HUANG Jing, LIU Xin, JI Xiangyun, SU Chunjian China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (10): 1230-1240.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.10.013 Abstract （565）      PDF（pc） （11513KB）（133）       Knowledge map    Save In order to explore the mechanism and influencing factors of shape warping during stress relief annealing of TA2/Q235B composite plates， a Gleeble thermal simulation experiment was carried out to obtain the true stress and strain of TA2 and Q235B materials under different working conditions. The JC constitutive model parameters of TA2 and Q235B were determined by numerical method， and the finite element simulation model of stress relief annealing was established by combining boundary conditions such as temperature and external load. The heat treatment experiments verified the accuracy of the model. The results show that a certain tensile load may improve the strain distribution， excessive tensile load results in local concentration of residual strain， and the composite ratio and the total thickness affect the stress distribution， which will affect the strain states.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Calibration Parameter Optimization and Accuracy Evaluation of Complex Visual Measurement Systems SUN Jiale, LUO Chen, ZHOU Yijun, WANG Wei, ZHANG Gang China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (14): 1741-1748,1755.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.14.011 Abstract （558）      PDF（pc） （3739KB）（297）       Knowledge map    Save There were many calibration errors in complex visual measurement systems， and the coupling between errors directly affected the accuracy of system measurement， so the accuracy improvelment of system calibration parameters was the key to ensure the system measurement accuracy. Thus， a calibration parameter optimization method was proposed based on multi-dimensional angular point error compensation. Firstly， a multi-dimensional angular point error function was defined， and the corresponding optimization model whose parameters were solved by LM algorithm was established. Then， the effects of the parameter optimization method on the system calibration optimization were evaluated by the optimization rate of the system calibration errors. Experimental results show that the optimization rate of the system calibration errors may reach 48%， the system measurement accuracy is high and meets the measurement requirements.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Job-shop Scheduling Problems Considering Similar Learning Effect in One-worker and Multiple-machine Partterns ZHANG Weicun, GU Hongyu China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (14): 1701-1709.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.14.007 Abstract （550）      PDF（pc） （4248KB）（296）       Knowledge map    Save  A multi-objective job shop scheduling model was established considering the effects of job similarity and personnel learning under the one-worker multiple-machine production mode, and a grid filtering external archive genetic algorithm(GFEAGA) was designed to solve the scheduling problems. In order to improve solution efficiency, a two-stage coding and decoding approach was adopted, and an improved N6 neighbor structure search method was applied. The personnel selection method was designed to balance personnel workload. Non-dominant individuals were filtered based on grid sorting to enhance the diversity of the solution sets. The experiments verified the high efficiency and superiority of GFEAGA solution, and the sensitivity of the similarity and learning rate in the model were analyzed. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Ultrasonic Impact Strengthening of Titanium Alloys：State-of-the-art and Prospectives ZHA Xuming, YUAN Zhi, QIN Hao, XI Linqing, ZHANG Tao, JIANG Feng China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (19): 2269-2287.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.19.001 Abstract （549）      PDF（pc） （36447KB）（304）       Knowledge map    Save This review started with the introduction to the principles and research progresses of the ultrasonic impact strengthening technology for titanium alloys. The influences of the properties of titanium alloys were investigated, which was associated with the different parameters of ultrasonic impact strengthening processes（static pressure， ultrasonic amplitude and numbers of rolling）. Results show that the optimization of different processing parameters has a significant improvement on the performance strengthening of the titanium alloys. However， there is a critical value of the different processing parameters. Once the critical values are exceeded， continuing to increase the parameter values will reduce the service performance of the titanium alloys. Finally， the difficulties of ultrasonic impact strengthening technology which used in the engineering applications were summarized. Combined with the development of intelligent manufacturing， the future development of ultrasonic impact strengthening technology was prospected.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Supply Chain Inventory System Optimization Model under Demand Disturbances WU Yingnian, ZHANG Jing, LI Qingkui, JIAO Shuai, China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (14): 1672-1682，1700.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.14.004 Abstract （538）      PDF（pc） （7177KB）（161）       Knowledge map    Save  Aiming at the supply chain inventory systems under demand disturbances, a supply chain inventory system optimization model was designed combining improved sliding mode controller and disturbance observer. A dynamic inventory model of a three-echelon networked supply chain system was established based on the product operation logic of the supply chain system. An optimization model combining improved sliding mode controller was designed based on adaptive exponential reaching law and disturbance observer. The model could suppress the influences of demand disturbances on the supply chain inventory system under the premise of ensuring system stability. Simulation comparison experiments verified the effectiveness of the optimization model. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Study on Design of Wheel-leg Deformable Wheel and Vehicle Control GENG Xueqing, WU Mengwu, HUA Lin, China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (12): 1446-1452.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.12.007 Abstract （535）      PDF（pc） （6422KB）（514）       Knowledge map    Save  In view of the demands of vehicle mobility and obstacle-crossing ability in complex terrain and road conditions, a deformable wheel structure was designed with the characteristics of switching between wheeled and legged states under different terrain and road conditions. The design principle of the deformable wheel was introduced and the structural parameters were calculated and optimized, the maximum diameter ratio of the wheel-leg deformable wheel was obtained. A set of simple and effective wheel-leg deformation control system was also designed. And then the vehicle layout design and movement process analysis was carried out. Finally, a prototype vehicle platform was made to verify the mobility and obstacle-crossing ability by physical experiments. The results show that the deformable wheel may be quickly and intelligently switched between wheeled and legged types, which enables the vehicle to run stably on both structured and unstructured roads, resulting in a high mobility and obstacle-crossing ability of the vehicle system. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Molecular Dynamics Simulation for Effect of Nanoparticle Additives on Boundary Lubrication PAN Ling, LIN Guobin, HAN Yuqing, YU Hui China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (10): 1140-1156.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.10.002 Abstract （523）      PDF（pc） （12614KB）（221）       Knowledge map    Save The boundary lubrication behavior of Cu nanoparticles in n-hexadecane was investigated under different loads by experiments and simulations herein. Boundary lubrication model with sinusoidal rough peaks was established. The density distribution of the lubricant along the film thickness with and without Cu nanoparticles were simulated at different loads using MD respectively. The shear velocity in the opposite direction was applied to the upper and lower solid walls of the system， and the stress between the wall atoms and the copper particle atoms， the friction force of the solid-liquid interface， the normal pressure and the friction coefficient were calculated. The friction coefficient of the lubricant containing nano-copper particles was measured with a micro-nano scratch meter. The results show that the base oil n-hexadecane in the two lubrication systems is stratified under different pressures. There are still a small amount of n-hexadecane molecules at the contact interface when the nano-rough peaks are directly contacted， and the arrangement direction of the molecular main chain is the same as the shear direction. Cu nanoparticles may reduce the maximum stress of solid wall by 35.3% and improve the bearing capacity of lubrication system at 200 MPa. The lubricating oil film of lubrication system without Cu nanoparticles breaks at 50 MPa， while that of lubrication system with Cu nanoparticles breaks at 200 MPa. The friction coefficient of two lubrication system under boundary lubrication is simulated， which is in accordance with the experimental measurement.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Distributed and Multi-flexible Assembly Job-shop Scheduling Problems WEI Guangyan, YE Chunming China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (20): 2442-2455.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.20.007 Abstract （519）      PDF（pc） （4457KB）（319）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at distributed flexible assembly job-shop environments, the machine selection flexibility, worker scheduling flexibility, and process sequence flexibility in scheduling were comprehensively considered, and a model of DMFAJSP was constructed taking minimizing the makespan and minimizing the total energy consumption as optimization objectives. To solve the DMFAJSP model, MDMA was proposed using estimation of distribution algorithm as the global search component and the neighborhood search operators as the local search component. Finally, comparative experiments were conducted between the proposed algorithm and other algorithms, and the results show that the MDMA has significant advantages in solving DMFAJSP model. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Patent Data Driven Product Innovation Design Based on SAO LIN Wenguang, LIU Xiaodong, XIAO Renbin China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (15): 1765-1777.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.15.001 Abstract （503）      PDF（pc） （5241KB）（669）       Knowledge map    Save The patent data-driven product innovation design method was proposed based on SAO using big data mining technology. Firstly， semantic dependency parsing was used to mine the SAO structure and interaction relationships among product components from patent text databases. Subsequently， a complex network knowledge model was constructed for product systems， and the constraint coefficients of components in the complex network were calculated by using structural hole theory to identify the innovative target components. Then， the semantic similarity coefficients of components were calculated using Word2Vec， and the functional similarity coefficients were calculated using SAO similarity algorithm. And the recommendation algorithm and combination matrix were integrated to achieve structural innovation， functional innovation， and functional optimization. Finally， a typical bathroom shower product was taken as an example to demonstrate the method in detail， which fully verifies the effectiveness and progressiveness of the method.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Yaw Rate Calculation and Vehicle Stability Control Considering Tire Nonlinearity MIN Delei, TONG Ruting, WEI Yintao China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (21): 2521-2530.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.21.001 Abstract （501）      PDF（pc） （7794KB）（709）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the nonlinear tire model， an accurate yaw rate calculation method was proposed to calculate the accurate yaw rate and applied to vehicle stability control. Tire nonlinearity was characterized by the brush model. The equivalent stability factor was obtained by perturbation analysis， and the accurate analytical solution of the yaw rate was obtained. The analysis of the existence of analytical solutions indicates that tire nonlinearity may impact vehicle stability. Real vehicle tests and control simulations based on vehicle models show that considering tire nonlinearity may effectively improve the calculation accuracy of the steady-state yaw rate as the target parameter， and improve the effect of vehicle stability control.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Pivot Steering Control of Off-road Vehicles Driven by In-wheel Motors FU Xiang, LIU Zexuan, , LIU Daoyuan, LI Dongyuan, China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (10): 1251-1259.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.10.015 Abstract （493）      PDF（pc） （6293KB）（607）       Knowledge map    Save In order to solve the problems of large minimum turning radius and inadequate steering maneuverability of Ackermann steering-based off-road vehicles， a road adaptive pivot steering control strategy was developed by taking advantages of the independent control of vehicle torque driven by in-wheel motors. A seven-degree-of-freedom pivot steering dynamics model was constructed to explain the evolution of the longitudinal and transverse coupled motion tire forces during pivot steering， and a quantitative model was established to quantify the pivot steering resistance moment and transverse sway moment with wheel slip rate and road adhesion coefficient. The desired trajectory of transverse sway angular velocity under different adhesion conditions was designed with steering power responsiveness as the optimization objective， and the safety threshold of each wheel slip rate was used as the stability constraint to reduce the steering center offset. The executive layer tracked the transverse angular velocity based on the model prediction algorithm， while the adaptive sliding mode controller was introduced to adjust the wheel slip rate to ensure the stability of the longitudinal and transverse motions. Simulation tests and real vehicle tests show that the developed pivot steering control strategy achieves accurate tracking of the desired pivot steering trajectory under high， medium and low adhesion surfaces， and limits the steering center offset to within 500 mm， which improves the pivot steering flexibility and lateral stability of the off-road vehicles and realizes "fast and stable" pivot steering.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Multi Tooth Meshing Characteristics and Load Bearing Contact Analysis Method of Cycloidal-pin Wheels WANG Yongqiang, WEI Bingyang, XU Jiake, YANG Jianjun China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (10): 1151-1158.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.10.003 Abstract （490）      PDF（pc） （4467KB）（462）       Knowledge map    Save  The tooth profile equations of cycloidal gear were derived by the envelope methods， and the tooth surface contact parameters were obtained. An accurate algorithm for the geometry analysis of the backlash was proposed， which solved the defects that the traditional backlash algorithm might only be used for the constant displacement modification. The tooth by tooth clearance elimination methods were used to solve the deformation compatibility equation， which avoided the error and uncertainty of conventional meshing analysis and improved the calculation accuracy and efficiency of load-bearing contact analysis. The complete calculation flow from tooth surface contact analysis to load contact analysis was given， and the accurate load parameters of any angle position and different modification methods were obtained.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Operating Mechanism and Data Driven Approach for Fault Alarm of Wind Turbine Gearbox Systems MENG Kang, TENG Wei, PENG Dikang, XIANG Ling, LIU Yibing China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (12): 1476-1485.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.12.010 Abstract （484）      PDF（pc） （9342KB）（409）       Knowledge map    Save Traditional machine learning methods were used in fault early warning of wind turbine gearboxes, the models were usually designed only by studying the relationship between data and faults, and the selection of parameters and model structure were lack of physical basis, resulting in poor interpretability and weak generalization capabilities of the models. The structure and actual operation control mode of the wind turbine gearbox were studied, the relationship between the operation mechanism and the data of corresponding supervisory control and data acquisition system was analyzed, and the operation data change trend was given qualitatively followed by deterioration of the typical gearbox faults. Finally, a series of one-class support vector machine(OCSVM) based models were constructed according to change law of the data distribution to realize the early fault warning of the wind turbines gearbox systems. Experimentsal results show that all of the proposed models may locate the fault positions of the wind turbine gearbox systems, which has clear physical significance.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Collaborative Optimization of Stacking Sequence and Material Distribution for Wing Skins PENG Xiang, JIANG Haohao, GUO Yuliang, LI Jiquan, YI Bing, JIANG Shaofei, China Mechanical Engineering    2023, 34 (12): 1415-1424,1435.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.12.004 Abstract （482）      PDF（pc） （11856KB）（137）       Knowledge map    Save To realize the lightweight and shock absorption design of the wing skins, the hybrid composite materials were introduced into the design of wing skins, and a collaborative optimization design method of stacking sequences and materials distribution was proposed for wing skins. The stacking sequences and material distribution of the wing skins were taken as the optimization design variables, the collaborative optimization model with cost as constraint, minimization of skin mass and displacement, and frequency maximization as objectives was established. The multi-objective collaborative optimization problem of the wing skins was carried out by using the NSGA-Ⅱ based on the developed optimization design framework of the wing skins. Compared with the performance of aluminum alloy wing skins and initial structure scheme, the optimized stacking sequences and material distributions may significantly improve the comprehensive performance of the wing skins without increasing the costs, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）