中国机械工程 ›› 2026, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (6): 1281-1295.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.06.002
• 金属增材制造工艺及性能 • 上一篇
收稿日期:2025-06-14
出版日期:2026-06-25
发布日期:2026-07-17
通讯作者:
吴家柱
作者简介:陈正钢,男,1996年生。硕士研究生。研究方向为激光增材制造。E-mail:chenzg_1120@163.com基金资助:
CHEN Zhenggang(
), WU Jiazhu(
), WANG Gui, HU Min, XIAO Jie
Received:2025-06-14
Online:2026-06-25
Published:2026-07-17
Contact:
WU Jiazhu
摘要:
建立了激光定向能量沉积(L-DED)的三维热-流-凝固结合数值模型,通过实验和数值模拟方法研究了连续波(CW)与脉冲波(PW)激光沉积过程中的热流输运及动态凝固行为。结果表明:CW模式下熔池行为稳定,而PW模式下则发生周期性振荡的熔池行为,并诱发熔道发生重熔现象。在表面活性氧和硫的影响下,CW和PW模式下的熔池均形成向内的Marangoni流动。CW模式下的熔池仅经历约束凝固过程,具有相对稳定的凝固行为,其高的温度梯度(G)和低的凝固速率(S)导致晶粒最为粗大,其平均等轴晶等效直径分别为PW-25和PW-50模式的2.6倍和2倍。相比之下,PW模式的熔池交替经历约束凝固和自由凝固过程,以自由凝固为主,呈现出动态变化的凝固行为。在自由凝固阶段,低的温度梯度和高的凝固速率促进了晶粒细化。此外,高频PW模式抑制了约束凝固区和柱状晶向等轴晶转变,并在离散带处形成跨带柱状晶;而低频PW模式则扩大了以粗晶为主的约束凝固区。
中图分类号:
陈正钢, 吴家柱, 王贵, 胡敏, 肖杰. 连续/脉冲激光定向能量沉积过程中热流输运及凝固行为的数值研究[J]. 中国机械工程, 2026, 37(6): 1281-1295.
CHEN Zhenggang, WU Jiazhu, WANG Gui, HU Min, XIAO Jie. Numerical Investigation on Thermofluidic Transports and Solidification Behaviors in Continuous/Pulsed Laser Directed Energy Deposition[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 37(6): 1281-1295.
| 参数 | 数值 |
|---|---|
| 材料熔化温度 | 1676 |
| 表面张力 | 1.943 |
| 表面张力梯度常数 | 4.3×10 |
| 理想气体常数 | 8.314 |
| 硫的标准吸附热 | |
| 氧的标准吸附热 | |
| 硫的偏析熵因子 | 3.18×10 |
| 氧的偏析熵因子 | 1.38×10 |
| 硫的表面过剩量 | 1.3×10 |
| 氧的表面过剩量 | 2.03×10 |
表 1 316L不锈钢表面张力模型中的参数[31]
Tab. 1 Parameters of the 316L stainless steel surface tension model[31]
| 参数 | 数值 |
|---|---|
| 材料熔化温度 | 1676 |
| 表面张力 | 1.943 |
| 表面张力梯度常数 | 4.3×10 |
| 理想气体常数 | 8.314 |
| 硫的标准吸附热 | |
| 氧的标准吸附热 | |
| 硫的偏析熵因子 | 3.18×10 |
| 氧的偏析熵因子 | 1.38×10 |
| 硫的表面过剩量 | 1.3×10 |
| 氧的表面过剩量 | 2.03×10 |
| 元素 j | ||
|---|---|---|
| C | 0.11 | 0.13 |
| O | 0.27 | 0.2 |
| Si | 0.063 | 0.131 |
| S | 0.028 | 0.133 |
| Cr | ||
| Mn | ||
| Ni | 0 | 0.006 |
表2 316L元素活性的相互作用系数[32]
Tab.2 Element activity interaction coefficients of 316L stainless steel[32]
| 元素 j | ||
|---|---|---|
| C | 0.11 | 0.13 |
| O | 0.27 | 0.2 |
| Si | 0.063 | 0.131 |
| S | 0.028 | 0.133 |
| Cr | ||
| Mn | ||
| Ni | 0 | 0.006 |
| w(Cr) | w(Ni) | w(Mn) | w(Mo) | w(Si) | w(C) | w(S) | w(Fe) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16.98 | 10.82 | 1.47 | 2.44 | 0.58 | 0.021 | 0.03 | 平衡相 |
表3 316L不锈钢的化学成分(质量分数) (%)
Tab.3 Chemical composition of 316L stainless steel (mass fraction)
| w(Cr) | w(Ni) | w(Mn) | w(Mo) | w(Si) | w(C) | w(S) | w(Fe) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16.98 | 10.82 | 1.47 | 2.44 | 0.58 | 0.021 | 0.03 | 平衡相 |
| 参数 | 数值 |
|---|---|
| 固相温度 | 1637 |
| 液相温度 | 1715 |
| 固相密度 | 8000 |
| 液相密度 | 6331 |
| 固相热导率 | 25 |
| 液相热导率 | 36 |
| 固相质量热容 | 604 |
| 液相质量热容 | 824 |
| 熔化潜热 | 2.6×105 |
| 对流传热系数 | 80 |
| 热膨胀系数 | 5.85×10 |
| 动力黏度 | 6×10 |
| 发射率 | 0.7 |
| Stefan-Boltzmann常数 | 5.67×10 |
表 4 物理参数和常数[38]
Tab. 4 Physical parameters and constants[38]
| 参数 | 数值 |
|---|---|
| 固相温度 | 1637 |
| 液相温度 | 1715 |
| 固相密度 | 8000 |
| 液相密度 | 6331 |
| 固相热导率 | 25 |
| 液相热导率 | 36 |
| 固相质量热容 | 604 |
| 液相质量热容 | 824 |
| 熔化潜热 | 2.6×105 |
| 对流传热系数 | 80 |
| 热膨胀系数 | 5.85×10 |
| 动力黏度 | 6×10 |
| 发射率 | 0.7 |
| Stefan-Boltzmann常数 | 5.67×10 |
| 项目 | 功率 P/W | 频率 f/Hz | 扫描速度 v/(mm·s | 进给率 m/(g·min | 激光半径 rb/mm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CW | 500 | 10 | 10.5 | 1.18 | |
| PW-25 | 1000 | 25 | 10 | 10.5 | 1.18 |
| PW-50 | 1000 | 50 | 10 | 10.5 | 1.18 |
表5 L-DED实验中使用的加工参数
Tab. 5 Processing parameters used in the L-DED experiment
| 项目 | 功率 P/W | 频率 f/Hz | 扫描速度 v/(mm·s | 进给率 m/(g·min | 激光半径 rb/mm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CW | 500 | 10 | 10.5 | 1.18 | |
| PW-25 | 1000 | 25 | 10 | 10.5 | 1.18 |
| PW-50 | 1000 | 50 | 10 | 10.5 | 1.18 |
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