中国机械工程 ›› 2026, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (10): 2466-2475.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.009
费凡1(
), 吴剑钊1,2(
), 仲刘洋1, 张超勇2, 刘文辉1, 刘筱1
收稿日期:2025-11-30
出版日期:2026-10-25
发布日期:2026-11-10
通讯作者:
吴剑钊
作者简介:费凡,男,2002年生,硕士研究生。研究方向为激光直接能量沉积。E-mail: 202411802008@jmu.edu.cn基金资助:
FEI Fan1(
), WU Jianzhao1,2(
), ZHONG Liuyang1, ZHANG Chaoyong2, LIU Wenhui1, LIU Xiao1
Received:2025-11-30
Online:2026-10-25
Published:2026-11-10
Contact:
WU Jianzhao
摘要:
针对激光定向能量沉积制备TC4钛合金,以激光功率、扫描速度和粉末进给速度为主要工艺参数,采用L₁₆(4³)正交试验设计,系统研究了各工艺参数对能量利用率、比能耗及沉积层高宽比的影响规律。通过极差分析与方差分析,明确了各参数对能效与形貌指标的影响显著性,并确定了优化的工艺参数组合(激光功率800 W,扫描速度600 mm/min,粉末进给速度6 g/min)。试验验证表明,相较于正交试验组的平均值,该优化参数下比能耗与高宽比偏差分别改善了21.8%与69.5%,且能量利用率提高了22.4%;微观组织分析显示,沉积层主要由细小的针状α'-Ti马氏体组成,其平均晶粒尺寸小于轧制态基板;力学性能测试表明,沉积态TC4硬度、屈服强度与抗拉强度相较于轧制基板提高25.63%、9.94%和9.60%,但延伸率略有下降,断口呈韧-脆混合断裂特征。
中图分类号:
费凡, 吴剑钊, 仲刘洋, 张超勇, 刘文辉, 刘筱. 考虑比能耗、能量利用率和高宽比的激光定向能量沉积工艺参数优化及性能分析[J]. 中国机械工程, 2026, 37(10): 2466-2475.
FEI Fan, WU Jianzhao, ZHONG Liuyang, ZHANG Chaoyong, LIU Wenhui, LIU Xiao. Optimization of Process Parameters and Performance Analysis of Laser Directed Energy Deposition Considering Specific Energy Consumption, Energy Utilization Rate, and Height-to-width Ratio[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 37(10): 2466-2475.
| Ti | Al | V | Fe |
|---|---|---|---|
| 余量 | 5.5~6.75 | 3.5~4.5 | ≤0.30 |
| C | N | H | O |
| ≤0.08 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.008 | ≤0.20 |
表1 Ti-6Al-4V的化学成分(质量分数)
Tab.1 Chemical composition of Ti-6Al-4V(mass friction)
| Ti | Al | V | Fe |
|---|---|---|---|
| 余量 | 5.5~6.75 | 3.5~4.5 | ≤0.30 |
| C | N | H | O |
| ≤0.08 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.008 | ≤0.20 |
| 水平 | 因素A/W | 因素B/(mm·min-1) | 因素C/(g·min-1) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 650 | 450 | 2.4 |
| 2 | 700 | 500 | 3.6 |
| 3 | 750 | 550 | 4.8 |
| 4 | 800 | 600 | 6.0 |
表2 正交试验因素与水平
Tab.2 Factors and levels of the orthogonal experiment
| 水平 | 因素A/W | 因素B/(mm·min-1) | 因素C/(g·min-1) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 650 | 450 | 2.4 |
| 2 | 700 | 500 | 3.6 |
| 3 | 750 | 550 | 4.8 |
| 4 | 800 | 600 | 6.0 |
| 序号 | 因素A | 因素B | 因素C | 序号 | 因素A | 因素B | 因素C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
| 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
| 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 12 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
| 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 13 | 4 | 1 | 4 |
| 6 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 14 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
| 7 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 15 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
| 8 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 16 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
表3 L16(43)正交试验方案
Tab.3 L₁₆(43) orthogonal experimental array
| 序号 | 因素A | 因素B | 因素C | 序号 | 因素A | 因素B | 因素C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
| 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
| 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 12 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
| 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 13 | 4 | 1 | 4 |
| 6 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 14 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
| 7 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 15 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
| 8 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 16 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
| 统计量 | 能量利用率 | 比能耗 | 高宽比 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 因素A | 因素B | 因素C | 因素A | 因素B | 因素C | 因素A | 因素B | 因素C | |
| K1 | 42.64 | 49.19 | 41.01 | 86 120.21 | 83 241.71 | 126 004.43 | 138.51 | 155.54 | 97.54 |
| K2 | 45.11 | 47.52 | 44.80 | 85 382.96 | 87 494.52 | 99 726.82 | 142.06 | 146.97 | 125.74 |
| K3 | 52.52 | 47.71 | 50.91 | 89 966.55 | 95 421.67 | 75 399.90 | 141.34 | 129.14 | 152.35 |
| K4 | 53.08 | 48.92 | 56.63 | 99 691.26 | 95 003.08 | 60 029.83 | 134.51 | 124.77 | 180.79 |
| k1 | 10.66 | 12.30 | 10.25 | 21 530.05 | 20 810.43 | 31 501.11 | 34.63 | 38.88 | 24.39 |
| k2 | 11.28 | 11.88 | 11.20 | 21 345.74 | 21 873.63 | 24 931.71 | 35.51 | 36.74 | 31.44 |
| k3 | 13.13 | 11.93 | 12.73 | 22 491.64 | 23 855.42 | 18 849.97 | 35.34 | 32.29 | 38.09 |
| k4 | 13.27 | 12.23 | 14.16 | 24 922.81 | 23 750.77 | 15 007.46 | 33.63 | 31.19 | 45.20 |
| R | 2.61 | 0.42 | 3.91 | -3577.07 | -3044.99 | -16493.65 | -1.89 | -7.69 | -20.81 |
| 因素主次顺序 | C>A>B | C>A>B | C>B>A | ||||||
| 因素最佳水平 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
表4 极差分析结果
Tab.4 Range analysis results
| 统计量 | 能量利用率 | 比能耗 | 高宽比 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 因素A | 因素B | 因素C | 因素A | 因素B | 因素C | 因素A | 因素B | 因素C | |
| K1 | 42.64 | 49.19 | 41.01 | 86 120.21 | 83 241.71 | 126 004.43 | 138.51 | 155.54 | 97.54 |
| K2 | 45.11 | 47.52 | 44.80 | 85 382.96 | 87 494.52 | 99 726.82 | 142.06 | 146.97 | 125.74 |
| K3 | 52.52 | 47.71 | 50.91 | 89 966.55 | 95 421.67 | 75 399.90 | 141.34 | 129.14 | 152.35 |
| K4 | 53.08 | 48.92 | 56.63 | 99 691.26 | 95 003.08 | 60 029.83 | 134.51 | 124.77 | 180.79 |
| k1 | 10.66 | 12.30 | 10.25 | 21 530.05 | 20 810.43 | 31 501.11 | 34.63 | 38.88 | 24.39 |
| k2 | 11.28 | 11.88 | 11.20 | 21 345.74 | 21 873.63 | 24 931.71 | 35.51 | 36.74 | 31.44 |
| k3 | 13.13 | 11.93 | 12.73 | 22 491.64 | 23 855.42 | 18 849.97 | 35.34 | 32.29 | 38.09 |
| k4 | 13.27 | 12.23 | 14.16 | 24 922.81 | 23 750.77 | 15 007.46 | 33.63 | 31.19 | 45.20 |
| R | 2.61 | 0.42 | 3.91 | -3577.07 | -3044.99 | -16493.65 | -1.89 | -7.69 | -20.81 |
| 因素主次顺序 | C>A>B | C>A>B | C>B>A | ||||||
| 因素最佳水平 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
| 方差来源 | 平方和Sj | 自由度df | 均方MS | F* | P* | 显著性(α0=0.05) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 能量利用率 | 因素A | 20.720 | 3 | 6.907 | 10.712 | 0.008 | 显著 |
| 因素B | 0.529 | 3 | 0.176 | 0.274 | 0.843 | 不显著 | |
| 因素C | 35.393 | 3 | 11.798 | 18.298 | 0.002 | 显著 | |
| 比能耗 | 因素A | 32 488 603.690 | 3 | 10 829 534.563 | 3.808 | 0.077 | 不显著 |
| 因素B | 26 510 073.075 | 3 | 8 836 691.025 | 3.107 | 0.110 | 不显著 | |
| 因素C | 625 491 795.136 | 3 | 208 497 265.045 | 73.310 | <0.001 | 显著 | |
| 高宽比 | 因素A | 8.804 | 3 | 2.935 | 0.903 | 0.493 | 不显著 |
| 因素B | 159.185 | 3 | 53.062 | 16.335 | 0.003 | 显著 | |
| 因素C | 954.656 | 3 | 318.219 | 97.961 | <0.001 | 显著 | |
表5 方差分析结果
Tab.5 ANOVA results
| 方差来源 | 平方和Sj | 自由度df | 均方MS | F* | P* | 显著性(α0=0.05) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 能量利用率 | 因素A | 20.720 | 3 | 6.907 | 10.712 | 0.008 | 显著 |
| 因素B | 0.529 | 3 | 0.176 | 0.274 | 0.843 | 不显著 | |
| 因素C | 35.393 | 3 | 11.798 | 18.298 | 0.002 | 显著 | |
| 比能耗 | 因素A | 32 488 603.690 | 3 | 10 829 534.563 | 3.808 | 0.077 | 不显著 |
| 因素B | 26 510 073.075 | 3 | 8 836 691.025 | 3.107 | 0.110 | 不显著 | |
| 因素C | 625 491 795.136 | 3 | 208 497 265.045 | 73.310 | <0.001 | 显著 | |
| 高宽比 | 因素A | 8.804 | 3 | 2.935 | 0.903 | 0.493 | 不显著 |
| 因素B | 159.185 | 3 | 53.062 | 16.335 | 0.003 | 显著 | |
| 因素C | 954.656 | 3 | 318.219 | 97.961 | <0.001 | 显著 | |
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