中国机械工程 ›› 2026, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (10): 2406-2417.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.003
王兴1(
), 杜际雨2, 王黎明3,4, 李方义3,4, 李剑峰3,4, 韩伟1(
)
收稿日期:2025-11-28
出版日期:2026-10-25
发布日期:2026-11-10
通讯作者:
韩伟
作者简介:王兴,女,1992年生,助理研究员。研究方向为智能机器人控制及机器人轨迹规划算法。发表论文10余篇。E-mail:wx1262812261@163.com
WANG Xing1(
), DU Jiyu2, WANG Liming3,4, LI Fangyi3,4, LI Jianfeng3,4, HAN Wei1(
)
Received:2025-11-28
Online:2026-10-25
Published:2026-11-10
Contact:
HAN Wei
摘要:
清洗是机械制造全生命周期的关键工序,直接决定零部件服役性能与再制造质量,当前我国机械再制造领域面临混合污垢去除困难、绿色清洗技术自主创新不足、高端装备对外依存度高等核心瓶颈问题。从污染物特性与清洗技术两个核心维度,系统剖析了工业污染物的分类、理化特征、形成与去除机理,对比分析了化学、物理、微生物等主流清洗技术的应用特点与技术短板,梳理了我国工业清洗设备的发展现状与行业挑战。明确了混合污垢是制约再制造清洗效率提高的核心难题,提出了复合化、绿色化、智能化的清洗技术发展路径。
中图分类号:
王兴, 杜际雨, 王黎明, 李方义, 李剑峰, 韩伟. 面向再制造的工业清洗现状与发展趋势[J]. 中国机械工程, 2026, 37(10): 2406-2417.
WANG Xing, DU Jiyu, WANG Liming, LI Fangyi, LI Jianfeng, HAN Wei. Current Status and Development Trends of Industrial Cleaning for Remanufacturing[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 37(10): 2406-2417.
图2 不同类型污垢中有机和无机污物的含量特点[28]注:图中和的数量代表了有机和无机污物的相对含量
Fig.2 Characteristics of the content of organic and inorganic contaminants in different types of dirt[28]
| 清洗技术 | 清洗对象 | 优点 | 缺点 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 清洗剂清洗 | 油(酯)垢、油漆等有机污垢,包括水基型溶剂和有机溶剂两种 | 适用于复杂型面和结构零部件的清洗 | 无法清洗复杂成分的污垢,易对环境造成污染 |
| 化学清洗 | 锈蚀、水垢等无机污垢,根据污垢的化学组成选择相应的酸洗或碱洗 | 适用于型面和形状复杂零部件的清洗 | 易对环境造成污染,易腐蚀基体,常需手工打磨进行辅助 |
| 电化学清洗 | 水垢、锈蚀、涂层等 | 清洗效率高,绿色无污染 | 成本高,只适用于小型构件的清洗,通常用于其他清洗方法的后处理过程中 |
| 高温分解清洗 | 有机污垢及热稳定性差的污垢 | 适用于复杂成分污垢的清洗,适用于复杂型面和结构零部件的清洗 | 能耗大,污染严重,清洗不彻底,对基体造成热损伤 |
| 超声波清洗 | 油(酯)垢、油漆等结合强度较弱的污垢 | 适用于复杂型面和结构零部件的清洗 | 借助有溶解力的溶剂,易造成环境污染,清洗效率低,无法清洗尺寸较大的构件 |
| 激光清洗 | 油垢、油漆、模具残留层等有机污垢,金属、石器文物氧化层等无机污垢 | 清洗效率高,绿色无污染,对基体无损伤,操作简单 | 成本高,大面积清洗的时间成本高;对于深孔、盲孔等需要特殊的光路设计或设备辅助;高功率激光作业需配备严格的安全防护系统,对操作人员资质和作业环境要求较高 |
| 干冰清洗 | 油漆等脆性污垢或油垢等黏性有机污垢 | 绿色无污染,清洗效率高,支持在线清洗,对基体无损伤 | 成本高,大面积清洗的时间成本较高;干冰储运条件苛刻、现场制冰能耗较大;低温冲击对部分薄壁件及特定材料的基体存在损伤风险,需进行工艺验证 |
| 喷丸(砂)清洗 | 普遍适用于多种有机和无机污垢 | 清洗能力强,清洗效率高 | 粉尘污染严重,易损伤基体,无法清洗内腔、孔洞等内部型面,清洗不灵活 |
| 高压水射流清洗 | 普遍适用于多种有机和无机污垢 | 清洗效率高,清洗能力强,绿色无污染 | 水资源消耗量大,洗后易返锈,易损伤基体,无法清洗内腔、孔洞等内部型面,清洗不灵活 |
| 湿喷丸清洗 | 普遍适用于有机和无机污垢 | 清洗效率高,绿色无污染 | 洗后易返锈,易损伤基体,无法清洗内腔等内部型面 |
表1 常用清洗技术及特点
Tab.1 Common cleaning techniques and their characteristics
| 清洗技术 | 清洗对象 | 优点 | 缺点 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 清洗剂清洗 | 油(酯)垢、油漆等有机污垢,包括水基型溶剂和有机溶剂两种 | 适用于复杂型面和结构零部件的清洗 | 无法清洗复杂成分的污垢,易对环境造成污染 |
| 化学清洗 | 锈蚀、水垢等无机污垢,根据污垢的化学组成选择相应的酸洗或碱洗 | 适用于型面和形状复杂零部件的清洗 | 易对环境造成污染,易腐蚀基体,常需手工打磨进行辅助 |
| 电化学清洗 | 水垢、锈蚀、涂层等 | 清洗效率高,绿色无污染 | 成本高,只适用于小型构件的清洗,通常用于其他清洗方法的后处理过程中 |
| 高温分解清洗 | 有机污垢及热稳定性差的污垢 | 适用于复杂成分污垢的清洗,适用于复杂型面和结构零部件的清洗 | 能耗大,污染严重,清洗不彻底,对基体造成热损伤 |
| 超声波清洗 | 油(酯)垢、油漆等结合强度较弱的污垢 | 适用于复杂型面和结构零部件的清洗 | 借助有溶解力的溶剂,易造成环境污染,清洗效率低,无法清洗尺寸较大的构件 |
| 激光清洗 | 油垢、油漆、模具残留层等有机污垢,金属、石器文物氧化层等无机污垢 | 清洗效率高,绿色无污染,对基体无损伤,操作简单 | 成本高,大面积清洗的时间成本高;对于深孔、盲孔等需要特殊的光路设计或设备辅助;高功率激光作业需配备严格的安全防护系统,对操作人员资质和作业环境要求较高 |
| 干冰清洗 | 油漆等脆性污垢或油垢等黏性有机污垢 | 绿色无污染,清洗效率高,支持在线清洗,对基体无损伤 | 成本高,大面积清洗的时间成本较高;干冰储运条件苛刻、现场制冰能耗较大;低温冲击对部分薄壁件及特定材料的基体存在损伤风险,需进行工艺验证 |
| 喷丸(砂)清洗 | 普遍适用于多种有机和无机污垢 | 清洗能力强,清洗效率高 | 粉尘污染严重,易损伤基体,无法清洗内腔、孔洞等内部型面,清洗不灵活 |
| 高压水射流清洗 | 普遍适用于多种有机和无机污垢 | 清洗效率高,清洗能力强,绿色无污染 | 水资源消耗量大,洗后易返锈,易损伤基体,无法清洗内腔、孔洞等内部型面,清洗不灵活 |
| 湿喷丸清洗 | 普遍适用于有机和无机污垢 | 清洗效率高,绿色无污染 | 洗后易返锈,易损伤基体,无法清洗内腔等内部型面 |
| 设备类型 | 主要原理 | 典型应用领域 |
|---|---|---|
| 超声波清洗机 | 空化效应 | 电子、医疗、光学精密零部件 |
高压水射流 清洗机 | 高速流体冲击 | 管道、储罐、工程机械 |
| 蒸汽清洗机 | 高温蒸汽溶解剥离 | 食品加工和餐饮设备 |
| 干冰清洗机 | 低温脆化+机械冲击 | 模具、电力设备、 汽车制造 |
| 激光清洗机 | 激光烧蚀+应力振动 | 航空航天、船舶、文物修复 |
表2 主流工业清洗设备类型及特点
Tab.2 Type and characteristics of mainstream industrial cleaning equipment
| 设备类型 | 主要原理 | 典型应用领域 |
|---|---|---|
| 超声波清洗机 | 空化效应 | 电子、医疗、光学精密零部件 |
高压水射流 清洗机 | 高速流体冲击 | 管道、储罐、工程机械 |
| 蒸汽清洗机 | 高温蒸汽溶解剥离 | 食品加工和餐饮设备 |
| 干冰清洗机 | 低温脆化+机械冲击 | 模具、电力设备、 汽车制造 |
| 激光清洗机 | 激光烧蚀+应力振动 | 航空航天、船舶、文物修复 |
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