Table of Content

25 October 2026, Volume 37 Issue 10

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Quantification and Resolution of Design Conflicts in Product Life Cycle Based on FSMP Model

WANG Yitong, CAI Zekang, WANG Liming, LI Jianfeng, LI Fangyi

2026, 37(10):  2383-2392.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.001

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In life cycle design， high-dimensional and multi-objective design conflicts are difficult to effectively quantify and resolve. To address this， a life cycle design conflict quantification and systematic resolution method based on a multi-level FSMP model was proposed. First， an FSMP information model was constructed to achieve integrated representation of life cycle design information. Second， design conflicts were decomposed into objective conflicts and decision conflicts： objective conflicts were quantified using the analytic hierarchy process （AHP） and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation （FCE）； decision conflicts were resolved based on the element-name-value model and similarity measure. Then， a breadth-first search algorithm integrated with a pruning strategy was proposed to efficiently search for design solutions with minimized objective conflicts within the constraint resolution domain. Finally， the effectiveness of the method was verified through a case study on conflict resolution in wind turbine system design. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve the quantification and resolution of both objective and decision conflicts.

Prospects for Service Performance Assessment and Low-carbon Recycling of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics Components

HU Jiaqi, SHANG Xiaoheng, LI Lubao, KE Qingdi

2026, 37(10):  2393-2405.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.002

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Recent research progress concerning the failure inspection/monitoring， performance assessment， re-resource utilization， and remanufacturing technologies of CFRP components was systematically reviewed herein. Following the technical logic of “damage sensing， performance assessment， and recycling utilization，” three key issues in the re-resource utilization process of CFRP components were focused on， includiing degradation defect identification， service performance assessment， and low-carbon recycling utilization. By systematically analyzing the major research advances and technical bottlenecks in damage and defect detection methods， quantitative performance assessment models， and high-value recycling/remanufacturing processes， the current engineering application status of the above technologies in high-end electromechanical products such as aircraft， new energy vehicles， and pressure vessels was comprehensively elaborated. Finally， theoretical prospects for future research directions in this field were proposed from the aspects of analysis and fusion of multi-source inspection/monitoring signals， quantitative characterization of complex environmental coupling effects， online supervision of service performance， and system integration for proactive remanufacturing， aiming to provide a scientific basis and technical support for the high-value and low-carbon recycling utilization of CFRP components.

Current Status and Development Trends of Industrial Cleaning for Remanufacturing

WANG Xing, DU Jiyu, WANG Liming, LI Fangyi, LI Jianfeng, HAN Wei

2026, 37(10):  2406-2417.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.003

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Cleaning is a critical process throughout the entire lifecycle of mechanical manufacturing， directly determining the service performance of components and the quality of remanufacturing. At present， China's mechanical remanufacturing sector faces core bottlenecks such as difficulties in removing mixed contaminants， insufficient independent innovation in green cleaning technologies， and high dependence on foreign high-end equipment. From the two core dimensions of contaminant characteristics and cleaning technologies， the classification， physicochemical properties， formation and removal mechanism of industrial contaminants were systematically analyzed， the application characteristics and technical weaknesses of mainstream cleaning technologies including chemical， physical， and biological cleaning were compared， and the development status and industry challenges of industrial cleaning equipment in China were reviewed. The study clarified that mixed contaminants are the core problem restricting the improvement of remanufacturing cleaning efficiency， and proposed a development path featuring composite， green， and intelligent cleaning technologies.

An Optimization Nesting Method for Rectangular Parts Based on Elite Genetic Strategy and Dynamic Gap-filling Mechanism

WU Dianjian, HUANG Shuaikang, DING Zican, ZHANG Sanqiang, CAO Weidong

2026, 37(10):  2418-2427.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.004

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An optimized rectangular nesting method integrating an elitist genetic strategy with a dynamic gap-filling mechanism was proposed for the rectangular nesting problem involving multiple varieties and varying production scales. The classification rules for rectangular nesting priorities were established based on two performance parameters including dimensional tolerance \epsilon and aspect ratio \alpha. A decimal integer sequence was used to encode part information， and an elite initial population was generated according to the defined priorities. This elite genetic strategy accelerates the convergence of the algorithm toward better solutions. Using the lowest horizontal line in the nesting process as a reference， the matching degree between the current part and each available gap was computed based on the classification rules. By searching all available gaps， the optimal placement for the part was selected， thereby achieving dynamic gap-filling. Through various case studies， the sensitivity of variable \epsilonand variable \alpha to the material utilization rate was analyzed. Their optimal values were determined using the highest average material utilization as the criterion. Comparative experiments on large-， medium-， and small-scale nesting instances， along with two real-world production instances introduced from domestic manufacturing enterprises， were conducted using the proposed method， methods reported in the literature， and a commercial software. The proposed method demonstrates significant advantages in material utilization and algorithm stability， verifying its feasibility and effectiveness.

Modeling and Tension Characteristic Analysis of Low-carbon Sawing System for Large Stone Slabs

ZHAN Chenhan, YIN Fangchen, KONG Kai, WU Songyuan

2026, 37(10):  2428-2437.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.005

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In the multi-wire sawing of large stone slabs， severe wire-net tension fluctuations can cause unstable machining quality and wire breakage， resulting in material waste and extra energy consumption. To address this issue， a coupled dynamic model of the wire-storage chamber and the cutting chamber was established， enabling refined modeling of the tension of an individual cutting wire and the construction of the overall wire-net tension state. The model was verified through MATLAB/Simulink simulations and experiments. The results show that increasing the wire-travel speed and the main-roller radius increases the average tension in the cutting chamber by 10.8% and 9.6%， respectively， under the specified operating conditions， while increasing the main-roller acceleration suppresses the tension peak and reduces the average tension by 5.5%. Radius disturbances of the take-up and pay-off rollers have little influence on the cutting-chamber tension because of the tension-arm buffering mechanism. Optimizing wire-net tension characteristics helps improve cutting stability and quality consistency， reduce wire-breakage and rework risks， increase material yield， and reduce ineffective energy consumption.

Study on Interfacial Behavior of CFRP under Micro-nano Scratching by Single Diamond Abrasive Grain

ZHANG Lifeng, HUANG Zixuan, ZHANG Wangtong, KONG Dechuang, WANG Yong

2026, 37(10):  2438-2445.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.006

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Micro-nano scratching experiments were conducted on unidirectional CFRP using a single diamond abrasive grain to investigate the material removal mechanism and interfacial mechanical behavior. The effects of scratching direction and velocity on the frictional characteristics and damage evolution were systematically studied. The results show that CFRP exhibits pronounced anisotropy. The normal friction coefficient is approximately three times that in the axial direction， and both the scratching depth and crack width follow the order of normal<axial<radial， with the radial scratching depth being about 1.6 times that in the normal direction. Material removal is dominated by brittle fracture without an evident brittle-to-ductile transition. A mechanical model considering fiber bending and interfacial debonding was established based on energy analysis， which reveals the coupling relationship between cutting load and interfacial damage. The theoretical predictions agree well with the experimental results， providing a theoretical framework for understanding the microscopic material removal mechanism and precision machinability of CFRP.

Multi-objective Optimization of Process Parameters in Laser Cladding for Low Carbon Emission

LIU Dan, LIU Weijun, LIU Shun, YANG Zhigang, LIU Bang, YANG Guozhe, JIANG Xingyu

2026, 37(10):  2446-2457.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.007

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To address issues such as the low energy conversion efficiency of the process system， long processing cycles， and high material consumption during laser cladding， a multi-objective optimization method for laser cladding process parameters oriented toward low carbon emissions was proposed. An in-depth analysis of the carbon emission characteristics in the laser cladding process was conducted. Taking laser power， powder feeding rate， and scanning speed as key process parameters， a multi-objective optimization model for laser cladding process parameters was established， with carbon emissions， powder utilization rate， and quality （aspect ratio） as the optimization objectives. An improved third-generation generalized differential evolution （GDE3） algorithm was proposed， which incorporated a chaotic memory weight factor to enhance population diversity. This effectively addresses the issue of premature convergence of the algorithm， thereby facilitating the acquisition of optimal process parameters. Using Fe₃O₄ stainless steel as the experimental material， laser cladding experiments were conducted. The results show that the optimized laser cladding process reduces carbon emissions by 25%， increases powder utilization by 19%， and significantly improves the quality and performance of the cladding layer.

Comparative Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Processing Performance for Nanofluid Electrostatic Atomization and Coaxial Electrostatic Atomization Lubrication

SU Yu, DING Jiaqing, YANG Qingxiang, XU Wenjie, HUANG Junhui

2026, 37(10):  2458-2465.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.008

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The charge and atomization performance as well as wetting property of water-based and oil-based nanofluid electrostatic atomization lubrication and nanofluid coaxial electrostatic atomization lubrication with different external-internal flow ratios were studied herein. The milling performance of aluminum alloy under these conditions was compared and analyzed， and the milling performance was comprehensively evaluated by the entropy weight-TOPSIS method. The results show that the milling performance of nanofluid coaxial electrostatic atomization lubrication is better than that of nanofluid electrostatic atomization lubrication. The nanofluid coaxial electrostatic atomization lubrication with an external-internal flow ratio of 2∶1 shows the best milling performance. This is attributed to its superior charge performance， atomization effect， and excellent wetting property， as well as the outstanding cooling and lubrication capabilities of nanofluid composite droplets under this external-to-internal flow ratio. Compared with nanofluid electrostatic atomization lubrication and nanofluid coaxial electrostatic atomization lubrication with other external-internal flow ratios， the milling force and tool wear decreased by 3.52%-12.47% and 18.33%-57.41%， respectively， under the 2∶1 external-to-internal flow ratio of nanofluid coaxial electrostatic atomization lubrication.

Optimization of Process Parameters and Performance Analysis of Laser Directed Energy Deposition Considering Specific Energy Consumption， Energy Utilization Rate， and Height-to-width Ratio

FEI Fan, WU Jianzhao, ZHONG Liuyang, ZHANG Chaoyong, LIU Wenhui, LIU Xiao

2026, 37(10):  2466-2475.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.009

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The preparation of TC4 titanium alloy via LDED was investigated. Taking laser power， scanning speed， and powder feed rate as the primary process parameters， an L₁₆（4³） orthogonal experimental design was employed to systematically investigate the influence of these process parameters on energy utilization rate， specific energy consumption， and the height-to-width ratio of the deposited layer. Through range analysis and variance analysis， the significance of the influence of each parameter on the energy efficiency and morphology indicators was clarified， and the optimized combination of process parameters was determined （laser power： 800 W， scanning speed： 600 mm/min， powder feed rate： 6 g/min）. Experimental verification showed that， compared with the average values of the orthogonal test groups， the specific energy consumption and the deviation of the height-to-width ratio were improved by 21.8% and 69.5%， respectively， under the optimized parameters， while the energy utilization rate increased by 22.4%. Microstructural analysis showed that the deposited layer primarily consists of fine acicular α'-Ti martensite， with an average grain size smaller than that of the rolled substrate. Mechanical property tests indicated that the as-deposited TC4 exhibited increases in hardness， yield strength， and tensile strength of 25.63%， 9.94%， and 9.60%， respectively， compared to the rolled substrate， although the elongation slightly decreased. The fracture surface exhibited ductile-brittle mixed fracture characteristics.

Effect of Tool Protrusion in Thick-layer Additive Friction Stir Deposition of 6061Aluminum Alloy

WANG Shuaipu, ZHAO Lei, WANG Yunlong, CHEN Qi, WANG Junhong, WU Zhilin

2026, 37(10):  2476-2483.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.010

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To improve the efficiency of additive friction stir deposition， a thick-layer process was developed to investigate the effect of tool protrusions on the material flow， microstructure evolution， and mechanical properties of the deposited layer. The results show that the stabilized temperature and uniform surface of the deposited layer ensure high quality forming. The tool protrusions lead to the formation of a tool protrusion-effective zone （TPEZ） and a tool protrusion non-effective zone （TPNZ） within the deposition， materials in the TPEZ exhibit a vortex-like flow with a bowl-shaped profile， while those in the TPNZ show stable laminar flow. The grains in the deposited layer are significantly refined compared with the raw material， and the high strain rate and short-term high temperature in the TPEZ inhibit the grain recrystallization process， while the TPNZ achieve sufficient dynamic recrystallization under moderate conditions. In terms of mechanical properties， the TPNZ showed a 40.8% decrease in tensile strength but a 115% increase in elongation after fracture compared with the feedstock rod. In contrast， the TPEZ exhibited premature fracture due to high dislocation density and lattice distortion induced by rotational-extrusion-dominated deformation， with a tensile strength and elongation of only 141.1 MPa and 5.7%， respectively.

Product Energy Profile Model-based Method for Energy Benchmark Modeling and Waste Identification for Manufacturing Processes

GENG Duanyang

2026, 37(10):  2484-2491.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.011

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Addressing the difficulty of translating massive energy consumption data into practical energy-saving value and identifying systemic energy waste in the current energy consumption management for manufacturing processes， an energy waste identification and quantification method was proposed based on the PEP model. In this method， the unit of analysis was shifted from production equipment to the product's value creation process， and the PEP model was constructed to describe the energy consumption composition of a unit product across different processes. Subsequently， through statistical learning of historical production big data， a data-driven energy consumption benchmark representing the enterprise's best practice was generated. Finally， by benchmarking actual production energy consumption against this benchmark， precise quantification and diagnosis of energy waste at the process level were achieved. A gypsum board production case study demonstrates that the method can effectively quantify systemic energy waste， identifying optimization potentials of 16.93% for electricity and 17.69% for natural gas within 9 days. Furthermore， energy profile volatility analysis reveals the key insight that high-energy-consumption processes do not equate to high-waste-potential processes.

Degradation Modeling and Remaining Useful Life Prediction of Retired Power Batteries Considering Energy Storage Conditions

MA Feng, WANG Hailei, HUANG Shunhu, ZHANG Hua

2026, 37(10):  2492-2501.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.012

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A deep learning model integrating the whale optimization algorithm （WOA）， convolutional neural network （CNN）， gated recurrent unit （GRU）， and self-attention（SA） mechanism was proposed to achieve accurate prediction of the RUL of retired batteries. The proposed model leveraged CNN for feature extraction， GRU for temporal dependency modeling， and SA for capturing long-range dependencies， while WOA was employed to globally optimize hyperparameters. Comparative experiments on the public CALCE dataset demonstrate that the proposed WOA-CNN-GRU-SA model achieves RMSE of 0.809 27%， an MAE of 0.554 40%， and an R² of 99.840% on the test set. Compared with the second-best model（WOA-CNN-LSTM-SA）， the RMSE and MAE are reduced by 10.35% and 13.39%， respectively， indicating superior prediction accuracy and robustness. These results provide key technical support for accurate health grading of retired power batteries and efficient， reliable management of energy storage systems.

SAC-based Energy Management Strategy for Electric Vehicles Considering Lithium Battery Aging and Thermal Effects

WANG Chun, SHEN Yuqin, ZENG Quanhong, TANG Tao

2026, 37(10):  2502-2510.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.013

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A soft actor-critic （SAC）-based energy management strategy was proposed to address the real-time decision-making and robustness challenges arising from multi-objective coordination of HESS for electric vehicles under complex dynamic operating conditions. Expert prior constraints were integrated into the proposed strategy to curb erratic exploration， accelerate learning in high-dimensional continuous action spaces， and improve system stability. Meanwhile， thermal dynamics and aging models of lithium-ion batteries were explicitly incorporated， and multi-objective collaborative optimization of charging-discharging processes and power split was realized to balance system efficiency and battery lifetime. Under the mixed driving cycle at 10°C， 25°C， and 40°C， the energy-loss performance of the proposed strategy reaches 97.0%， 98.2%， and 97.3% of that achieved by the dynamic programming method， which demonstrates superior energy performance and reliability under varying thermal conditions.The results suggest that integrating physics-informed models with reinforcement learning is an effective route for adaptive HESS scheduling.

Energy-efficient Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Method via Dual Attention Network Based Deep Reinforcement Learning

ZENG Dan, YANG Wu, DU Yanbin, LYU Yan, LI Congbo

2026, 37(10):  2511-2519.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.014

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To address the issues in existing research on the EEFJSP， including inadequate modeling of complex operation-machine relationships， the persistent trade-off between algorithm efficiency and solution quality， and decision-making interference from redundant information， this paper proposed a scheduling optimization method based on deep reinforcement learning （DRL） with a dual attention network （DAN）， targeting the minimization of makespan and total machine energy consumption. First， the bi-objective scheduling problem was mathematically formulated and further transformed into a Markov decision process， upon which a DAN consisting of an operation message agent and a machine message attention agent was developed to separately characterize operation precedence constraints， machine competition relationships and processing eligibility， enabling accurate capture of intricate operation-machine correlations while eliminating redundant scheduling information. Subsequently， within a DRL framework， operation selection and machine assignment were integrated into a joint decision-making problem， where a bi-objective collaborative optimization mechanism generated the priority probability distribution of operation-machine pairs to achieve a well-balanced trade-off between operation efficiency and solution quality. Finally， comparative experiments on synthetic datasets and the Mk1-Mk7 public benchmark datasets verified that the proposed method achieved prominent comprehensive performance， effectively reconciling solution quality with operation efficiency and delivering both strong practicability and superior optimization capability.

Energy Recovery System and Its Control Strategy for Electric Tensioner in Tension Stringing

ZHOU Lei, WANG Jianyong, FANG Zhe, GAO Shang, CHEN Pan, ZENG Li

2026, 37(10):  2520-2527.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.015

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A resistive energy dump-based energy recovery system was proposed based on an analysis of high-proportion and long-cycle stringing conditions of tensioners. An energy closed loop was established by integrating the tension system， power battery and energy dump unit. Operating parameters were monitored in real time， and the dump current was adjusted through an adaptive control algorithm to realize dynamic energy balance. Tests indicated that the recovery current could be controlled and surplus energy dumped continuously， so that battery overcurrent， overcharge， and electrical component overvoltage were effectively avoided， and safe and stable operation was guaranteed. The system is suitable for high-proportion and long-cycle energy recovery scenarios and provides key technical support for the green transformation of engineering equipment.

Research Status and Prospects on Failure Mechanisms of Wind Turbine Transmission Systems in Tropical Offshore Environments

LIU Shihao, QIU Na, LIN Mao

2026, 37(10):  2528-2539.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.016

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Tropical offshore wind power has become a core field in the global renewable energy strategy. However， the extreme environmental conditions of high salt spray， high humidity， high temperature， strong typhoons， and intense ultraviolet radiation significantly increase the failure probability of wind turbine transmission systems by more than 35% compared with onshore environments， while reducing the service life of key components by nearly 50%. This has become a critical bottleneck restricting large-scale engineering deployment. Based on international and domestic literature， authoritative industry reports， and measured failure data from tropical offshore wind farms， the research progress on the failure mechanism of wind turbine transmission systems under tropical offshore environments was systematically reviewed herein. The theoretical innovations clarified in this review were summarized. First，the environmental field classification was clarified： fixed offshore wind turbines were characterized by four-field coupling， whereas floating offshore wind turbines involve five-field coupling， revealing the localized characteristics of coupling intensity in specific regions. Second， a multidisciplinary analytical framework of “environmental field-failure mode-core mechanism” was proposed to elucidate the fundamental failure mechanism of four key transmission components. Third， a life prediction model based on four-field/five-field coupling adapted to tropical offshore environments was proposed. In addition， current research gaps were summarized and future theoretical breakthrough directions were proposed， aiming to establish a comprehensive failure theory system and provide theoretical support and engineering guidance for the large-scale development of tropical offshore wind power.

Research Progresses on Precision Design and Assembly Error Control Methods for Linear Feed Systems of CNC Machine Tools

SUN Guangming, SUN Yimeng, GUO Xin, ZHANG Dawei, YAN Bing, YANG Yue, HE Gaiyun, GAO Weiguo, ZHAO Jian

2026, 37(10):  2540-2555.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.017

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The technical framework of precision design and assembly error control methods of machine tool linear feed systems was reviewed from three aspects： error transmission mechanism research， precision design and assembly error control. Modeling methods for the relationship between assembly errors and motion errors of machine tool linear feed systems were summarized. The research results of precision design for linear feed systems were summarized， mainly focusing on error weight analysis， precision optimization， and simulation verification. By establishing error traceability chains， the assembly-induced errors can be systematically fed back to the precision design phases for iterative optimization. Moreover， the design parameters were optimized to guide subsequent re-assembly processes， effectively mitigating assembly-induced errors in the machine tool linear feed systems. Finally， the future research directions of assembly error control methods were discussed.

Optimization and Regulation of Mach Disk Structure in High-pressure CO₂ Jet for Cutting Cooling

ZHU Libin, CHEN Guanyu, CHENG Peng, ZHAO Xu

2026, 37(10):  2556-2565.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.018

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The structural characteristics of the Mach disk in high-pressure CO₂ jets were systematically analyzed through CFD and experimental investigations， and the relational expression between the Mach disk structure and the mass flow rate， nozzle diameter， and pressure was established. A numerical model incorporating the CO₂ condensed phase was developed using the SST k-ω turbulence model and the Eulerian two-phase flow approach， and its reliability was experimentally validated. The results indicated that the average simulation errors for the Mach disk position and diameter were 5.34% and 4.92%， respectively. For the widely used empirical formula of the Mach disk structure， the proportional coefficient C_{\mathrm{L}} was approximately 0.52 （lower than the conventional gas value of 0.6454）， while the Mach disk diameter coefficient α was about 1.164. Furthermore， it was found that the mass flow rate had a more significant influence on the Mach disk structure than pressure， and effective control of the Mach disk structure could be achieved by adjusting the combination of nozzle diameter and pressure.

Hierarchical Optimization of Meshing and Lubrication for Planetary Journal Bearing Coupling System in Wind Turbine Gearboxes under Multiple Operating Conditions

DU Honghan, TAN Jianjun, SUN Yizhong, SONG Chaosheng, LI Hao, GUAN Yuan

2026, 37(10):  2566-2576.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.019

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The combined effects of complex low-speed heavy-load conditions， component deformations， and dynamic bending moments from helical gear meshing can easily induce bearing edge contact and gear mesh misalignment， compromising system reliability. Taking a 6 MW wind turbine gearbox with journal bearings as the research object， a tribodynamic coupling model was established considering the elastohydrodynamic lubrication of the planet gear journal bearings and the deformation of key components. Then， a surrogate modeling method was employed to reconstruct the mapping relationships among multiple operating conditions， gear modification parameters， and system responses， and the optimal gear modification parameters were obtained. Finally， the optimized results were substituted into the dynamic coupling model， and the mapping relationships among multiple operating conditions， journal bearing parameters， and system responses were reconstructed to obtain the optimal bearing parameters， thereby achieving a hierarchical optimization in which gears were optimized first followed by journal bearings. The effectiveness of the approach was validated through experiments. The results show that increasing input torque aggravates bearing edge contact and gear mesh misalignment. Gear modification alone improves tooth load distribution but hardly alleviates bearing edge contact. The hierarchical optimization strategy can not only improve optimization efficiency but also effectively reduce bearing edge contact， increase the minimum oil film thickness， and improve tooth load distribution and system load-sharing performance.

Physics-embedded Gaussian Process Model and Its Application in Parameter Tuning of Intelligent Vehicle Path Tracking Controllers

ZHAO Kegang, CHEN Haoqiang, LIANG Zhihao, YE Jie, WANG Chijun

2026, 37(10):  2577-2585.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.020

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A high-fidelity vehicle dynamic model is a critical foundation for model-based reinforcement learning frameworks for automatic parameter tuning of path tracking controllers in intelligent vehicles. A PEGP model was proposed to address the limited accuracy of simplified physics-based models and the poor generalization of purely data-driven approaches. In this method， the predictive states of a physical model were embedded into the feature space of the Gaussian process. The unmodeled dynamics of the physical model were thereby learned by the Gaussian process， and physical principles were integrated with data-driven learning. Real-vehicle tests demonstrated that the proposed PEGP model achieved superior prediction accuracy and generalization performance compared with the physics-based and purely data-driven baseline models. Based on this model， a PEGP-RL automatic parameter tuning method was developed， by which the controller parameters were effectively tuned with only a small amount of real-vehicle interaction data. Real-vehicle experiments at low-to-medium speeds show that the proposed approach achieves tracking performance comparable to that of a controller tuned through multiple rounds of manual adjustment.

Stiffness Enhancement Method for Thin-walled Cavity Components in CNC Machining Based on Process Feature Structure Optimization

LI Jiaqi, QI Shutao, ZHENG Shucai, SUN Yuwen

2026, 37(10):  2586-2593.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.021

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During the CNC milling of aerospace thin-walled cavity components， the large amount of material removal led to insufficient stiffness in regions such as cavity webs， resulting in chatters and reduction of dimensional accuracy. Moreover， suspended webs and similar features were difficult to support with auxiliary fixtures or external vibration suppression devices. To address these issues， a stiffness enhancement strategy for the CNC machining of thin-walled cavity components was proposed based on process feature structure optimization. Dynamic characteristic analysis was conducted to identify weak regions in the structure， and process feature structures were designed based on vibration response amplitudes. Then， response surface methodology was employed to optimize the design of these process feature structures. The accuracy of the response surface model was validated through finite element analysis and modal testing. The results show that the first-order natural frequency of the optimized structure increases by 36.7%， while the vibration amplitude at the center point is reduced by 70.26%. A rough-finish hybrid milling strategy tailored to the process feature structures was proposed， and corresponding tool paths were generated. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed stiffness enhancement strategy effectively suppresses chatters and improves surface quality during machining.

Capture Speed Analysis of Hydraulic Landing Assist Device for Shipborne Helicopter

WANG Lixin, CHENG Rui, ZHAO Dingxuan, JIA Tuo, SU Qi

2026, 37(10):  2594-2602.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.022

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To improve the capture speed of the shipborne helicopter hydraulic landing assist device， a hydraulic drive system composed of parallel hydraulic cylinders and chain drive systems was designed， and its capture performance was studied. Firstly， the operating principle of the capture process was analyzed， a dynamic model for this process was established. The influence mechanism of the capture speed was discussed， including the accumulator captures pressure， the nonlinear damping force of the parallel cylinder， the tension force in the transmission chain， frictional forces， and oil temperature. Subsequently， The mathematical representations of each influencing factors were established， the action mechanisms were revealed， and a method for evaluating their influence weights was developed. Experimental results show that， in typical temperature environments， the damping force of the parallel hydraulic cylinder has the most significant impact on capture speed. Additionally， the "release-capture" working cycle is beneficial for enhancing capture speed. Flow resistance plays a crucial role in capture speed in low temperature condition. The research results provide valuable insights into the operational strategy and optimization design of hydraulic landing assist devices.

Performance and Surface Integrity of High-speed Milling of GH4169 with α/β-SiAlON Ceramic Tools

WANG Xiaoqin, YIN Zengbin, TANG Haiquan, HONG Dongbo, YUAN Juntang

2026, 37(10):  2603-2609.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.023

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A type of replaceable α/β-SiAlON ceramic cutting tool with chip-breaking grooves was fabricated by microwave sintering technology. The cutting performance， failure mechanism and surface integrity of the complex-edge-shaped SiAlON ceramic cutting tools during high-speed dry cutting of nickel-based superalloy GH4169 were systematically investigated. The results showed that the service life of the microwave-sintered complex-edge-shaped α/β-SiAlON ceramic cutting tools increased initially and then decreased with increasing cutting speed， while the cutting depth had no significant effect on tool life. The replaceable complex-edge-shaped α/β-SiAlON ceramic cutting tools are more suitable for high-speed and deep-cutting rough processing. The optimal cutting parameters are a cutting speed of 800 m/min， a cutting depth of 1.5 mm， and a feed rate of 0.12 mm per tooth. Under different cutting parameters， bond wear is the main cause of failure of the SiAlON ceramic cutting tools. The surface roughness increased with the increase of cutting speed， and the average surface hardening degree increased from 177 % to 221% when the cutting speed ranged from 600 to 1000 m/min. The variation in surface hardening depth was not obvious with increasing cutting speed and cutting depth， ranging from 240 to 300 μm.

Resonance-avoidance Optimization Method of Gears Based on Tooth-root Circumferential Displacement Features of Critical Modes

XU Kehan, LIU Kaicheng, ZHU Haoyuan, LI Mei, ZUO Yanfei, YAN Cheng

2026, 37(10):  2610-2618.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.024

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To address the frequent nodal-diameter resonance failures of an aero-engine bevel gear during operation， the cylindrical-coordinate displacements of the nodes along the tooth-root circumference were extracted from the modal analysis results. The distinct circumferential periodicity of a mode shape with k （k ≥ 2） nodal diameters was quantified as an identical number of k cycles in the displacement waveforms of the tooth-root circumferential nodes in all cylindrical-coordinate directions. Furthermore， the difference between pure and coupled nodal-diameter modes was characterized by the relative ordering of their modal orders， thereby allowing the two types of modes to be distinguished and the critical modes of the gear to be identified. Subsequently， using the fast Fourier transform， the number of cycles in each tooth-root circumferential displacement waveform was converted into the frequency corresponding to the dominant peak in the frequency-domain spectrum. Accordingly， the tooth-root circumferential displacement features of the critical modes were automatically extracted. Finally， multi-platform collaborative resonance-avoidance optimization of the gear was performed， with the gear mass minimization taken as the optimization objective and the stress and frequency specified taken as constraints. With both the resonance-avoidance and strength requirements satisfied， the gear mass was reduced by 25.31%， thereby demonstrating the validity and engineering applicability of the proposed resonance-avoidance optimization method of gears.

Numerical Calculation of the Influences of Uneven Blade Spacing on a PAT

ZHANG Yuliang, YANG Zezhou, TONG Jiangbo, ZHAO Yanjuan, ZHU Zuchao

2026, 37(10):  2618-2630.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.025

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Two non-axisymmetric uneven blade designs were developed based on traditional axisymmetric equidistant blades. A comprehensive three-dimensional computational domain was constructed， incorporating front/rear chambers， sealing clearances， and balance holes， with structured meshing applied for discretization. Unsteady internal flow simulations were performed using computational fluid dynamics （CFD）， with the reliability of the numerical method confirmed by experimental validation. The results demonstrate that non-axisymmetric uneven blade distribution may moderately enhance the energy recovery efficiency of the PAT systems. Under low-to-medium flow conditions， uneven blade spacing increases axial thrust on the impeller， whereas at high flow rates， it exhibits a measurable mitigation effect on axial loading.

Research Progress in Maskless Localized Electrochemical Deposition Technology of 3D Metal Microstructures Assisted by External Energy Fields

WU Menghua, HUANG Zhiwei, JIA Weiping

2026, 37(10):  2631-2643.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.026

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Introducing energy fields such as laser， jet flow， ultrasonic waves， and magnetic fields into the maskless LECD process can overcome the limitations of traditional electrodeposition and meet certain specific performance requirements. The working principles， characteristics， representative research achievements， and research progress of maskless LECD technique assisted by external energy fields， including laser， flow field， ultrasonic field， and magnetic field were introduced herein. Research results from scholars in the field indicate that in the process of maskless LECD for fabricating 3D metal microstructures， it is possible to reduce electrochemical deposition defects and achieve higher electrochemical deposition efficiency， better surface quality， refined micro/nano-scale grain structures， and improved physical and mechanical properties by strictly controlling the intensity， direction， and duration of the applied energy fields， and rationally utilizing the composite effects generated by the synergistic coupling of external energy fields and the electrochemical deposition electric field. Conducting in-depth research on maskless LECD technology for preparing metal microstructures under the synergy of external energy fields may resolve the conflicts between efficiency， precision， and scale in maskless LECD-additive manufacturing in a refined manner and expand the process limits of maskless LECD technique.

Thermo-mechanical Coupled Numerical Simulation and Residual Stress Analysis of Wire Arc Additive Remanufacturing for Large Hydraulic Turbine Runners

HE Le, ZHOU Yan, WANG Zhuo, XIONG Xiaochen, HUANG Chongcan, ZHOU Xiangman, CHENG Chuanshi, HUA Lin, HU Zeqi, QIN Xunpeng

2026, 37(10):  2644-2651.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.027

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A thermo-mechanical coupled finite element model for wire arc additive remanufacturing of large hydraulic turbine runner was established， and the variation laws of temperature field， stress field and final residual stress state were analyzed. The results show that for the wire arc additive remanufacturing of local failure zone on the runner， the repair zone and heat-affected zone finally present the overall tensile stress states， while the matrix zones crossing the repair zone in longitudinal and transverse directions present the low-level compressive stress states. During additive filling， the matrix zone near the molten pool presents a compressive stress state due to the thermal expansion. With the removal of heat source， the molten pool and adjacent matrix zone generate cooling shrinkages and transform into tensile stress states， whereas the matrix zone far from the molten pool maintains a low-level compressive stress state owing to the low temperature rise. In the cooling stage， overall cooling shrinkage occurs， and the repair zone presents the tensile stress state. Meanwhile， the matrix zone beyond the repair zone undergoes the expansion and extrusion under the continuous thermal effects， presenting the compressive stress state. As the cooling process develops， the tensile stress in the repair zone increases gradually and reaches the peak （650~800 MPa） at room temperature， while the compressive stress in the matrix zone decreases to lower than 50 MPa. Obvious stress concentrations exist at the bonding edges between the repair zone and the matrix zone as well as at the overlapping micro-zones between adjacent weld beads， which become the critical zones for crack initiation and propagation.

Thermal Stress Distribution and Local Plasticity Analysis of Nickel-based Single Crystal Turbine Blades via Multiscale Simulation

WANG Yingyao, YE Xianjue, ZHANG Wenqiang, CHEN Shuang, ZHANG Yuefei

2026, 37(10):  2652-2666.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.028

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By using sequential fluid-thermal-structural coupled simulations combined with the CPFEM， the specific effects of TBC and single-crystal secondary orientation on the thermo-mechanical behavior and slip mechanism of turbine blades were investigated. The results show that TBC lowers blade temperature and improves cooling by~30%， though the effect weakens in strong convection zones inducing thermal stress redistribution. Structural interference altered the dominant slip system（DSS）， with intensified slip competition near cooling holes. TBC shrinks mixed slip zones near cooling holes， softens shear， and promotes slip uniformity. The DSS and the corresponding maximum resolved shear stress （MRSS）， derived from the elastic stress analysis， reflect orientation mismatch and plastic risk， with MRSS differing by up to 32% near cooling holes due to crystal orientation differences. A cross-scale evaluation index “S₁-S₂-S₃” was established， combined with crystal plasticity analysis， to characterize the priority of slip system competition under multiaxial stresses. When stress triaxiality is low and the stress tensor is nearly aligned with the crystal lattice， multiple slip systems often compete， whereas high triaxiality promotes dominance of a single slip system.

Analysis and Optimization of Compound Excavation Force in Hydraulic Excavators Based on Dual-cylinder Linkage

PANG Xiaoping, XIANG Juntao, FENG Yuanlin, YANG Zhongxiang, KABAGEMA Benjamin, ZHAO Weidong

2026, 37(10):  2667-2675.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.029

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To address the inherent flaw in traditional hydraulic excavator digging force analysis—where theoretical values derived from single-cylinder static models are significantly lower than actual conditions， leading to “digging difficulty”—a dynamic analysis method for whole-machine theoretical compound digging force based on dual-cylinder linkage was proposed in this study. A compound mechanical model under multi-cylinder collaborative interaction was established， kinematic constraints and mechanism singularity configurations during digging were systematically analyzed， and an innovative posture-space singularity threshold criterion was introduced. A compound digging force analytical model encompassing the entire workspace was subsequently constructed. A comparative experimental method was utilized with cross-validation on three typical models via theoretical calculations and field tests. The results indicated that compound digging force analysis values are closer to actual maximum digging force than traditional values， matching operator evaluations and effectively resolving theoretical deviations from practical engineering. A multi-objective optimization design framework for backhoe working mechanisms was established based on the compound digging force model. Novel working mechanisms were developed through collaborative optimization of mechanism parameters. Prototypes were tested， and the optimized models demonstrated average compound digging force increases of 3.28%， 3.30%， and 5.96% under surface layer， 1 m， and 2 m depth conditions， respectively， with operational efficiency markedly enhanced.

Design of the Jiaolong Drill Bit Replacement Device Based on Electromagnetic Locking Principle

REN Yugang, ZHANG Xiaoyu, LI Chao, SHI Xianpeng, DING Zhongjun

2026, 37(10):  2676-2683.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.030

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To address limitations such as single-core sampling per dive， difficulty in drill bit replacement， and incompatibility of conventional head-changing mechanisms， a design methodology for drill bit replacement devices was proposed based on electromagnetic principles and force equilibrium theory. An innovative electromagnetic locking drill bit replacement mechanism was designed， and the mechanical configuration was rapidly completed through virtual prototyping. Key components， such as the brake pin shaft， were optimized via ANSYS simulation， which shortened the development cycle. According to the 7000 m-class working target， engineering prototypes were developed and subjected to deep-sea pressure testing. In March 2025， the device was deployed in the Jiaolong specialized equipment sea trial voyage， and sea trial validation was completed at 2000 m-class depths in the South China Sea. The measured electromagnetic locking force was 150 N， with a positioning accuracy of ±0.2 mm and a single head replacement time of ≤5 min. This provides reliable technical support for precise， high-value coring in deep-diving equipment.