Study on Interfacial Behavior of CFRP under Micro-nano Scratching by Single Diamond Abrasive Grain

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.10.006

Abstract

Abstract:

Micro-nano scratching experiments were conducted on unidirectional CFRP using a single diamond abrasive grain to investigate the material removal mechanism and interfacial mechanical behavior. The effects of scratching direction and velocity on the frictional characteristics and damage evolution were systematically studied. The results show that CFRP exhibits pronounced anisotropy. The normal friction coefficient is approximately three times that in the axial direction， and both the scratching depth and crack width follow the order of normal<axial<radial， with the radial scratching depth being about 1.6 times that in the normal direction. Material removal is dominated by brittle fracture without an evident brittle-to-ductile transition. A mechanical model considering fiber bending and interfacial debonding was established based on energy analysis， which reveals the coupling relationship between cutting load and interfacial damage. The theoretical predictions agree well with the experimental results， providing a theoretical framework for understanding the microscopic material removal mechanism and precision machinability of CFRP.

Key words: carbon fiber reinforced polymer（CFRP）, micro-nano scratching, friction coefficient, interface, material removal mechanism

摘要：

采用单颗金刚石磨粒对单向碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）进行微纳刻划试验，以揭示CFRP材料去除机理及界面力学行为，系统研究了刻划方向与速度对摩擦特性及损伤演化的影响。研究结果表明，CFRP表现出显著各向异性，法向摩擦因数约为轴向的3倍，刻划深度与裂纹宽度均遵循法向、轴向、径向依次递增的规律，径向刻划深度约为法向的1.6倍；材料去除以脆性断裂为主，未出现明显脆塑转变。基于能量分析建立了考虑纤维弯曲与界面脱黏的力学模型，揭示了切削载荷与界面损伤的耦合关系。理论预测与实验结果吻合良好，为理解CFRP的微观去除机理及其精密加工性能提供了理论参考。

关键词: 碳纤维增强复合材料, 微纳刻划, 摩擦因数, 界面, 材料去除机理

CLC Number:

TB332

ZHANG Lifeng, HUANG Zixuan, ZHANG Wangtong, KONG Dechuang, WANG Yong. Study on Interfacial Behavior of CFRP under Micro-nano Scratching by Single Diamond Abrasive Grain[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 37(10): 2438-2445.

张立峰, 黄子轩, 张旺通, 孔德创, 王勇. 单颗金刚石磨粒微纳刻划CFRP界面行为研究[J]. 中国机械工程, 2026, 37(10): 2438-2445.

Figures/Tables 12

Tab.1 Mechanical properties of carbon fibers and their matrix

参数	T700	树脂
纤维直径/μm	7
抗拉强度/GPa	4.9	85
断裂韧性/（MPa·m^1/2）	2.50	1.74
轴向泊松比	0.25	0.12
横向弹性模量/GPa	18	10
轴向弹性模量/GPa	230.0	3.5
轴向剪切模量/GPa	27	5
横向剪切模量/GPa	7.0	1.5

Fig.1 Undeformed chips in single-grain machining

Fig.2 The principle of nano-scratch testing

Tab.2 The parameters of the scratch test

类型	参数
压入仪器	Nano Indenter G200
加载方式	刻划
刻划长度	700 μm
最大载荷	200 mN
压头种类	立方角金刚石压头
刻划方向	轴向、径向、法向
刻划速度	v=1，10，50 μm/s

Fig.3 Grinding schematic diagram in the three typical directions

Fig.4 The deformation of fibers during the normal scratching process

Fig.5 The friction coefficients in three typical directions

Fig.6 Axial scratch test results （v=10 μm/s）

Fig.7 Normal scratch test results （v=10 μm/s）

Fig.8 Transverse scratch test results （v=10 μm/s）

Fig.9 The maximum crack width of the scratch

Fig.10 Effect of scratching speed on maximum scratch depth

References 20

[1]	鄢威，王欣怡，张华，等. 考虑切削能耗和表面质量的碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料加工工艺参数优化决策［J］. 中国机械工程， 2024， 35（10）： 1834-1844.
	YAN Wei， WANG Xinyi， ZHANG Hua， et al. Optimization Decision of CFRP Processing Parameters Considering Cutting Energy Consumption and Surface Quality［J］. China Mechanical Engineering， 2024， 35（10）： 1834-1844.
[2]	郑志龙，赵玉刚，刘谦，等. 碳纤维增强复合材料水导激光加工实验研究［J］. 中国机械工程， 2023， 34（3）： 344-351.
	ZHENG Zhilong， ZHAO Yugang， LIU Qian， et al. Experimental Study on Water Jet Guided Laser Processing of CFRPS［J］. China Mechanical Engineering， 2023， 34（3）： 344-351.
[3]	HAN L， ZHANG J， LIU Y， et al. Effect of Fiber Orientation on Depth Sensing Intra-laminar Failure of Unidirectional CFRP under Nano-scratching［J］. Composites Part B： Engineering， 2021， 224： 109211.
[4]	陈冰，徐虎，王健，等. 纤维增强复合材料磨削制孔加工技术研究进展［J］. 复合材料学报， 2023， 40（1）： 13-37.
	CHEN Bing， XU Hu， WANG Jian， et al. Research Progress of Fiber Reinforced Composites by Grinding Technology for Hole Making［J］. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica， 2023， 40（1）： 13-37.
[5]	LIANG Y， CHEN Y， CHEN B， et al. Feasibility of Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Grinding for Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer with Monolayer Brazed Grinding Tools［J］. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing， 2019， 20（7）： 1083-1094.
[6]	GARCIA LUNA G， AXINTE D， NOVOVIC D. Influence of Grit Geometry and Fibre Orientation on the Abrasive Material Removal Mechanisms of SiC/SiC Ceramic Matrix Composites （CMCS）［J］. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture， 2020， 157： 103580.
[7]	SHI H， ZHANG Z， YUAN S， et al. Investigation on the Surface Formation Mechanism in Scratching of CFRP Composites with Different Fiber Orientations［J］. Journal of Materials Processing Technology， 2022， 307： 117694.
[8]	GAO T， XU P， WANG W， et al. Force Model of Ultrasonic Empowered Minimum Quantity Lubrication Grinding CFRP［J］. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences， 2024， 280： 109522.
[9]	ZHANG Y， ZHANG S， MA S， et al. Surface Damage Mechanism and Modes in Single Abrasive Grinding Twill Carbon Fiber-reinforced-polymer Laminates Basing on Stress Field Analysis［J］. Materials Today Communications， 2025， 42： 111220.
[10]	GENG D， LU Z， YAO G， et al. Cutting Temperature and Resulting Influence on Machining Performance in Rotary Ultrasonic Elliptical Machining of Thick CFRP［J］. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture， 2017， 123： 160-170.
[11]	SHI Z Y， CUI P， LI X. A Review on Research Progress of Machining Technologies of Carbon Fiber-reinforced Polymer and Aramid Fiber-reinforced Polymer［J］. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers， Part C： Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science， 2019， 233（13）： 4508-4520.
[12]	YAN X， ZHAO H， SHEN Y， et al. Material Removal Mechanism and Penetration Depth Modeling of CF/PEEK Composites under Nano-scratching［J］. Composites Science and Technology， 2022， 227： 109566.
[13]	TIWARI A， HIHARA L H. Effect of Inorganic Constituent on Nanomechanical and Tribological Properties of Polymer， Quasi-ceramic and Hybrid Coatings［J］. Surface and Coatings Technology， 2012， 206（22）： 4606-4618.
[14]	ZHANG Y， FANG C， HUANG G， et al. Modeling and Simulation of the Distribution of Undeformed Chip Thicknesses in Surface Grinding［J］. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture， 2018， 127： 14-27.
[15]	ZHANG L， REN C， JI C， et al. Effect of Fiber Orientations on Surface Grinding Process of Unidirectional C/SiC Composites［J］. Applied Surface Science， 2016， 366： 424-431.
[16]	GAO T， LI C， JIA D， et al. Surface Morphology Assessment of CFRP Transverse Grinding Using CNT Nanofluid Minimum Quantity Lubrication［J］. Journal of Cleaner Production， 2020， 277： 123328.
[17]	KRISHNAPPA S， GURURAJA S. Compressive Failure Mechanisms in Unidirectional Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites with Embedded Wrinkles［J］. Composites Part B： Engineering， 2024， 284： 111688.
[18]	ZHANG L， ZHANG W， WANG Z， et al. Interfacial Strength and Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional C/SiC Composites under Mode Ⅰ and Ⅱ Loading［J］. Journal of the European Ceramic Society， 2026， 46（5）： 117995.
[19]	FENG M， ZHAO Z， LI G， et al. Mechanistic Study of 4H-SiC Removal under Various Scratching Speeds Using Nano-scratching Experiments and Molecular Dynamics Simulations［J］. Tribology International， 2026， 214： 111230.
[20]	张立峰，王盛，王宁，等. 单向碳纤维增强塑料磨削加工性能［J］. 塑料， 2020， 49（1）： 97-100.
	ZHANG Lifeng， WANG Sheng， WANG Ning， et al. The Grinding Properties of the Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics［J］. Plastics， 2020， 49（1）： 97-100.