Research Progresses in Preparation of Organic Thin Film Transistors by Electronic 3D Printing Technology and Its Applications

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.06.010

China Mechanical Engineering ›› 2026, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (6): 1371-1382.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.06.010

Research Progresses in Preparation of Organic Thin Film Transistors by Electronic 3D Printing Technology and Its Applications

MA Shuaiyin¹^,²^,³(), ZHANG Chenghao¹, LI Jiajie¹, LYU Jingxiang⁴, CAI Wei⁵, ZHAO Yungui⁶, LI Chao⁶, YIN Enhuai⁶, ZHANG Yingfeng⁷()

^1.School of Computer Science and Technology，Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications，Xi'an，710121
^2.Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis and Intelligent Processing，Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications，Xi'an，710121
^3.Xi'an Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing，Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications，Xi'an，710121
^4.Engineering Machinery College of Chang'an University，Xi'an，710064
^5.Southwest University College of Engineering and Technology，Chongqing，400100
^6.Xi'an Rite 3D Technology Co. ，Ltd. ，Xi'an，710075
^7.School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering，Northwestern Polytechnical University，Xi'an，710072

Received:2025-12-12 Online:2026-06-25 Published:2026-07-17
Contact: ZHANG Yingfeng

电子3D打印技术制备有机薄膜晶体管及其应用研究进展

马帅印¹^,²^,³(), 张成豪¹, 李家杰¹, 吕景祥⁴, 蔡维⁵, 赵云贵⁶, 李超⁶, 尹恩怀⁶, 张映锋⁷()

^1.西安邮电大学计算机学院, 西安, 710121
^2.西安邮电大学陕西省网络数据分析与智能处理重点实验室, 西安, 710121
^3.西安邮电大学西安市大数据与智能计算重点实验室, 西安, 710121
^4.长安大学工程机械学院, 西安, 710064
^5.西南大学工程技术学院, 重庆, 400100
^6.西安瑞特三维科技有限公司, 西安, 710075
^7.西北工业大学机电学院, 西安, 710072

通讯作者: 张映锋
作者简介:马帅印，男，1990年生，副教授、硕士研究生导师。研究方向为大数据、人工智能、智能制造、绿色制造、预测与控制优化等。E-mail：masy@xupt.edu.cn
张映锋^*（通信作者），男，1979年生，教授、博士研究生导师。研究方向为物联制造系统、生产调度和物料配送优化管理、产品服务系统与绿色制造等。E-mail：zhangyf@nwpu.edu.cn。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2026YFE0155300);陕西省重点研发计划(2024QY2-GJHX-04);榆林市科技计划(2025-CXY-031);咸阳市重点研发计划(L2025-ZDYF-RGZN-003);西安邮电大学研究生创新基金(CXJJYL2025038)

Abstract

Abstract:

Electronic 3D printing technology， leveraging its high-resolution manufacturing features， heterogeneous material integration capability， and customized design advantages， provided a revolutionary solution for advanced fabrication paradigms of organic thin-film transistors. The characteristics of three mainstream technologies—inkjet printing， aerosol jet printing， and direct ink writing were analyzed from the perspective of processing principles. Quantitative comparisons were conducted on their forming accuracy limits， multiphase material compatibility， and process robustness variations， followed by an exploration of the key challenges constraining their development. Furthermore， based on innovative application scenarios such as flexible displays， biomedical sensing， and wearable electronics， the research progresses in structure-performance relationships of 3D-printed OTFT devices for large-scale production were comprehensively reviewed. The paper highlights that future research priorities will focus on innovations in material formulation， optimization of printing processes， and reliability assessment of printing equipment， which are critical for advancing next-generation printed electronics.

Key words: electronic 3D printing, organic thin film transistor, additive manufacturing, flexible electronics

摘要：

电子3D打印技术凭借其高分辨率制造特性、异质材料集成能力和定制化设计优势，为有机薄膜晶体管的先进制造范式提供了革命性解决方案。从工艺原理维度系统解析了喷墨打印、气溶胶喷射打印与直写成形三大主流技术的特征，定量对比了其成形精度极限、多相材料兼容性及工艺鲁棒性差异，进而探讨了制约各技术发展的关键挑战，并基于柔性显示、生物医学传感和可穿戴电子等创新应用场景，系统评述了3D打印有机薄膜晶体管器件在规模化生产中的结构-性能关系研究进展，指出制备材料的创新、打印工艺的调控优化及打印设备的可靠性评价是未来的重点研究方向。

关键词: 电子3D打印, 有机薄膜晶体管, 增材制造, 柔性电子学

CLC Number:

TN325.3

MA Shuaiyin, ZHANG Chenghao, LI Jiajie, LYU Jingxiang, CAI Wei, ZHAO Yungui, LI Chao, YIN Enhuai, ZHANG Yingfeng. Research Progresses in Preparation of Organic Thin Film Transistors by Electronic 3D Printing Technology and Its Applications[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 37(6): 1371-1382.

马帅印, 张成豪, 李家杰, 吕景祥, 蔡维, 赵云贵, 李超, 尹恩怀, 张映锋. 电子3D打印技术制备有机薄膜晶体管及其应用研究进展[J]. 中国机械工程, 2026, 37(6): 1371-1382.

Figures/Tables 18

Fig.1 The development process of OTFT

Fig.2 The main advantages and disadvantages of various types of OTFT

Fig.3 OTFT schematic integrated at the top of the display for touch sensing［18］

Fig.4 Types of OTFT divided by structure［23］

Fig.5 The schematic diagram of continuous and on-demand inkjet printing principle［31］

Fig.6 Micro-pen direct writing technology printing principle schematic diagram

Fig.7 Aerosol injection technology principle diagram［41］

Tab.1 Comprehensive parameter comparison of three mainstream electronic 3D printing technologies for fabricating OTFT［45］

对比维度	喷墨打印	微笔直写	气溶胶喷射打印
流体挤出机制	压电/热泡式按需滴落	气动/机械挤出连续丝线	空气动力学聚焦雾化流
典型分辨率/线宽	20~50 μm	10~200 μm	10 μm及以下
适用墨水黏度要求	严格且极低（1~20 MPa·s）	极宽且偏高（102~106 MPa·s）	较宽（1~1000 MPa·s）
多材料兼容性	较弱（易发生喷头堵塞与咖啡环效应）	极强（兼容高黏度凝胶、弹性体、浆料）	强（兼容聚合物溶液、纳米颗粒分散液）
基底形貌适应性	仅适用于平整或微小曲率基底	适用于平面及三维支撑结构的堆叠	极佳（非接触式共形打印，适应复杂3D曲面）
典型OTFT制备层	有源层（半导体）、低黏度介电层	高黏度凝胶电解质、厚膜电极、柔性基座	高分辨率源漏电极、超薄精细介电层
核心优势	速度快、材料利用率高、大面积阵列化成熟	三维空间堆叠能力强、支持高浓度功能浆料	分辨率极高、无喷头堵塞风险、超强保形能力
主要局限与挑战	墨水配制壁垒高、界面润湿性控制极难	打印速度慢、剪切力易破坏高分子链段	设备成本高昂、存在“过喷”散射现象

Fig.8 Inkjet printing of liquid crystal organic semiconductor morphology and OTFT transfer characteristics［46］

Fig.9 Fully-printed chitosan gate OTFT and its integrated logic gate circuit application［47］

Fig.10 Full inkjet-printed flexible OTFT signal amplifier and high gain characteristics［48］

Fig.11 Fully printed epidermal sensor attached to human skin and pulse monitoring［49］

Fig.12 Full inkjet-printed flexible organic biological transistors and their sensing response to glucose［50］

Fig.13 Flexible transistors based on aerosol jet printing for real-time detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigens［51］

Fig.14 Full inkjet-printed TIPS - pentacene photodetector and PPG pulse wave monitoring［55］

Fig.15 Demonstration of inkjet-printed flexible photodetector array and spatial imaging［56］

Fig.16 Inkjet-printed OTFT wide-range pressure sensor with hierarchical internal filling architecture［57］

Fig.17 The source-drain current of three kinds of porous density films varies with the applied pressure［58］

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Research Progresses in Preparation of Organic Thin Film Transistors by Electronic 3D Printing Technology and Its Applications

电子3D打印技术制备有机薄膜晶体管及其应用研究进展

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