船用汽轮机极端变工况流场扰动及稳定运行特性

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2025.10.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为辨识船用汽轮机极端变工况下流场扰动机理，确保其安全稳定运行，建立了高功率密度汽轮机全尺寸三维通流及结构模型，引入高精度多层网格划分技术，结合欧拉多相流模型与湍流模型，提出了适用于汽轮机大范围变工况的内部稳态和瞬态流场数值计算方法。开展汽轮机变工况流场扰动特性分析，揭示了极小流量工况汽轮机的内部流动特性，并确定了失稳流量阈值和整机稳定运行功率流量阈值。基于高精度流场分布基础数据，提出汽轮机末级单向流固耦合计算方法及流程，计算得到了末级叶片关键部位的静动应力变化规律，实现了末级叶片流致振动激励源识别与失稳特性分析，完成了叶片颤振特性评估，为汽轮机安全稳定运行提供了技术参考。

关键词: 汽轮机末三级, 小流量, 非定常流动, 流致振动

Abstract:

To identify the mechanism of flow field disturbance in marine steam turbines under extreme variable conditions and ensure their safe and stable operations， a full-size three-dimensional through-flow and structural model of the high power density steam turbines was established. By introducing high-precision multi-layer grid division technology， combined with the Euler multiphase flow model and turbulence model， a numerical calculation method was proposed for internal steady-state and transient flow fields of steam turbines under a wide range of variable conditions. The analysis of flow field disturbance characteristics under variable conditions of the steam turbines was carried out， revealing the internal flow characteristics of the steam turbines under extremely low flow conditions， and the threshold values of instability flow and the stable operation power flow of the whole machine were determined. A unidirectional flow-solid coupling calculation method and process for the last stage of the steam turbines were proposed based on the high-precision flow field distribution basic data. The static and dynamic stress variation laws of key parts of the last stage blades were calculated， the flow-induced vibration excitation source of the last stage blades was identified， and the instability characteristics were analyzed. The vibration characteristics of the blades were evaluated， providing technical reference for the safe and stable operations of the steam turbines.

Key words: last three stages of steam turbine, low flow rate, unsteady flow, flow-induced vibration

中图分类号:

TP182

石宇昂, 张磊, 谢罗涛, 尹路晗. 船用汽轮机极端变工况流场扰动及稳定运行特性[J]. 中国机械工程, 2025, 36(10): 2258-2265.

Yuang SHI, Lei ZHANG, Luotao XIE, Luhan YIN. Flow Field Disturbance and Stable Operation Characteristics of Marine Steam Turbines under Extreme Variable Conditions[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 36(10): 2258-2265.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.cmemo.org.cn/CN/10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2025.10.012

https://www.cmemo.org.cn/CN/Y2025/V36/I10/2258

图/表 18

图1 第一级动叶栅通道某截面分块示意图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of a certain section block of the first stage grid channel

图2 某级动叶栅通道结构化网格

Fig.2 Structured grid of a certain stage moving blade channel

图3 动叶栅通道全周结构化网格

Fig.3 Full-circumferential structured grid of the moving blade channel

图4 叶根最大应力随节点数变化情况

Fig.4 Variation of maximum stress at the leaf root with node count

图5 数值模型及边界条件

Fig.5 Numerical model and boundary conditions

图6 整机性能参数

Fig.6 Performance parameters of the entire machine

图7 末级性能参数

Fig.7 Performance parameters of the last stage

图8 不同工况50%叶高截面流线图

Fig.8 Streamline diagram at 50% blade height section under different operating conditions

图9 不同工况50%叶高截面干度分布图

Fig.9 Dryness distribution diagram at 50% blade height section under different operating conditions

图10 迭代求解末级叶片临界失稳流量阈值

Fig.10 Iterative solution for the critical flutter flow threshold of the last stage blade

图11 整机功率为零时流量阈值

Fig.11 Flow threshold at zero power for the entire machine

表1 末级动叶的静频与动频

Tab.1 Static and dynamic frequencies of the last stage moving blade

	一阶	二阶	三阶	四阶	五阶	六阶
静频率/Hz	274.40	592.18	953.49	1049.8	1347.2	1702.6
动频率/Hz	297.49	616.03	969.65	1067.6	1375.9	1742.8

图12 第八级叶片轴向力幅频图

Fig.12 Axial force amplitude-frequency diagram of the eighth stage blade

图13 4000 r/min时叶片最大应力变化

Fig.13 Maximum stress variation of blades at 4000 r/min

图14 4000 r/min全局应力最大时刻叶片最大应力点

Fig.14 Maximum stress points on blades at the moment of maximum global stress at 4000 r/min

图15 4000 r/min叶片测点动应力变化

Fig.15 Variation of dynamic stress at measurement points on blades at 4000 r/min

图16 4000 r/min测点1动应力幅频图

Fig.16 Dynamic stress amplitude-frequency diagram at measurement point 1 at 4000 r/min

图17 4000 r/min叶根前缘与尾缘变形统计

Fig.17 Deformation statistics of the leading and trailing edges of the blade root at 4000 r/min

参考文献 17

[1]	SHUBENKO A L， GOLOSHCHAPOV V N， SENETSKA D O.The Operation of the Last Stage of Steam Turbine at Low-flow Rate Modes［J］.Energetika， 2020，66（1）：58-67.
[2]	蒋军戌，张浩峰，胥建群，等. 汽轮机高压缸小容积流量工况数值模拟［J］. 汽轮机技术， 2021， 63（4）：253-256.
	JIANG Junxu， ZHANG Haofeng， XU Jianqun， et al. Numerical Simulation of Low Volume Flow Condition in Steam Turbine High Pressure Cylinder［J］. Turbine Technology， 2021， 63（4）：253-256.
[3]	李彬，杨自春，张磊，等. 极低负荷工况下单缸核湿汽轮机末三级流动特性分析［J］. 汽轮机技术， 2021， 63（4）：273-276.
	LI Bin， YANG Zichun， ZHANG Lei， et al. Analysis of Flow Characteristics of Last Three Stages in Single-cylinder Nuclear Wet Steam Turbine under Extremely Low Load Condition［J］. Turbine Technology， 2021， 63（4）：273-276.
[4]	林彤，胡平，杨锐. 小容积流量下汽轮机低压段流动特性研究［J］. 热力透平， 2020， 49（4）：294-297.
	LIN Tong， HU Ping， YANG Rui. Study on Flow Characteristics of Low Pressure Section in Steam Turbine under Low Volume Flow Condition［J］. Thermal Turbine， 2020， 49（4）：294-297.
[5]	徐鹏，胡辉. 小流量工况下汽轮机末级定常流动特性数值研究［J］. 南方农机， 2021， 52（21）：86-88.
	XU Peng， HU Hui. Numerical Study on Steady Flow Characteristics of Steam Turbine Last Stage under Low Flow Rate Condition［J］. Southern Agricultural Machinery， 2021， 52（21）：86-88.
[6]	SUN Tianrui， PETRIE-REPAR P， VOGT M D，et al. Detached-eddy Aimulation Applied to Aeroelastic Stability Analysis in a Last-stage Steam Turbine Blade［J］. Journal of Turbomachinery， 2019， 141（9）：091002.
[7]	张浩峰. 汽轮机组通流部分结垢和小流量问题研究［D］.南京：东南大学， 2019.
	ZHANG Haofeng. Study on Fouling and Low Flow Rate Problems in Flow Passage of Steam Turbine Unit［D］.Nanjing：Southeast University， 2019.
[8]	李禹. 汽轮机低压缸小容积流量下水蚀特性研究［D］.吉林：东北电力大学， 2021.
	LI Yu. Study on Water Erosion Characteristics of Steam Turbine Low-pressure Cylinder under Low Volume Flow Condition［D］.Jilin：Northeast Electric Power University， 2021.
[9]	史桓宇. 小容积流量下汽轮机低压缸叶片的安全性分析［D］.吉林：东北电力大学， 2022.
	SHI Huanyu. Safety Analysis of Blades in Steam Turbine Low-pressure Cylinder under Low Volume Flow Condition［D］.Jilin：Northeast Electric Power University， 2022.
[10]	XU H， ZHU Q， GUAN J， et al. Research on Wet Steam Condensation Flow Characteristics of Steam Turbine Last Stage under Zero Output Condition［J］. International Journal of Thermal Sciences， 2022， 179：107691.
[11]	CAO Lihua， WANG Jiaxing， LUO Huanhuan， et al. Distribution of Condensation Droplets in the Last Stage of Steam Turbine under Small Flow Rate Condition［J］. Applied Thermal Engineering， 2020， 181：116021.
[12]	韩安，姜伟，吴凡，等. 汽轮机低压末级仿生叶型优化及流动特性研究［J］. 动力工程学报， 2021， 41（10）：833-841.
	HAN An， JIANG Wei， WU Fan， et al. Optimization of Bionic Blade Profile and Flow Characteristics in Steam Turbine Last Stage of Low-pressure Cylinder［J］. Journal of Chinese Society of Power Engineering， 2021， 41（10）：833-841.
[13]	姜伟，谢诞梅，陈畅，等. 基于时域分析法的汽轮机末级叶片颤振预测及分析［J］. 振动与冲击， 2015， 34（11）：194-199.
	JIANG Wei， XIE Danmei， CHEN Chang， et al. Prediction and Analysis of Flutter in Steam Turbine Last Stage Blades Based on Time-domain Analysis Method［J］. Journal of Vibration and Shock， 2015， 34（11）：194-199.
[14]	田少杰，漆文凯，许正华. 气流激励下叶片振动响应分析方法［J］. 航空动力学报， 2021， 36（4）：826-838.
	TIAN Shaojie， QI Wenkai， XU Zhenghua. Analysis Method for Blade Vibration Response under Aerodynamic Excitation［J］. Journal of Aerospace Power， 2021， 36（4）：826-838.
[15]	胡平，杨锐，竺晓程，等. 基于谐波平衡法的汽轮机末级叶片气动阻尼计算［J］. 热能动力工程， 2020， 35（2）：47.
	HU Ping， YANG Rui， ZHU Xiaocheng， et al. Calculation of Aerodynamic Damping for Steam Turbine Last Stage Blades Based on Harmonic Balance Method［J］. Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power， 2020， 35（2）：47.
[16]	李兴华，关淳，关明臣，等. 叶身裂纹对汽轮机叶片振动特性影响的研究［J］. 汽轮机技术， 2020， 62（4）：267-269.
	LI Xinghua， GUAN Chun， GUAN Mingchen， et al. Study on Influence of Blade Body Crack on Vibration Characteristics of Steam Turbine Blades［J］. Turbine Technology， 2020， 62（4）：267-269.
[17]	李振彦. 某汽轮机末级长叶片非定常流动及振动特性研究［D］.哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学， 2020.
	LI Zhenyan. Study on Unsteady Flow and Vibration Characteristics of Last Stage Long Blades in Steam Turbine［D］.Harbin：Harbin Institute of Technology， 2020.