Study on ZrO2 Bio-ceramic Material Extrusion Scaffolds and Properties

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.06.008

Abstract

Abstract:

Zirconia was employed as the raw material， and ceramic powder/polymer composite filaments were fabricated by combining a five-component binder system. Green specimens were prepared using the CME technology， and high-precision porous ZrO₂ bio-ceramic scaffolds were formed through a debinding and sintering process. The physical properties， microstructures， mechanics properties and biocompatibility of the scaffolds were experimentally characterized， and the relationships among processing， structure and properties of CME products were revealed. The results show that the densities of the sintered scaffold specimens range from 5.90 to 5.99 g/cm³ （97.44%~98.99% for relative densities）， the porosities are stable and controllable， and isotropic shrinkage effectively avoids the typical dimensional distortions of conventional sintering. The scaffold surfaces exhibit excellent hydrophilicity， their mechanics properties match those of human bone tissues， and they demonstrate good biosafety， with cell viabilities exceeding 60%.

Key words: bio-ceramic material extrusion（CME）, porous scaffold, physical attribute, mechanics property, biocompatibility

摘要：

以氧化锆为原材料，结合五组分黏合剂，自主制备了陶瓷粉末/聚合物复合丝材；然后利用陶瓷材料挤出成形技术（CME）制备了生坯试件；进而通过脱脂烧结工艺完成了高精度多孔ZrO₂生物陶瓷支架的成形；最后通过实验表征了支架的物理属性、微观结构、力学性能及生物相容性等参数，揭示了CME制品工艺-结构-性能间的关联。研究结果表明：烧结支架试件密度达5.90~5.99 g/cm³（相对密度97.44%～98.99%），孔隙率稳定可控，且各向同性收缩有效避免了传统烧结的尺寸畸变；支架表面亲水性优异，力学性能与人体骨组织相匹配，且生物安全性良好（细胞活力大于60%）。

关键词: 生物陶瓷材料挤出成形, 多孔支架, 物理属性, 力学性能, 生物相容性

CLC Number:

TH164

JIANG Shijie, GUO Jiaxin, DIAO Longyue, LIU Xianhe, WANG Jinbang, WANG Ning. Study on ZrO₂ Bio-ceramic Material Extrusion Scaffolds and Properties[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 37(6): 1345-1352.

姜世杰, 郭佳欣, 刁龙越, 刘显赫, 王金榜, 王宁. ZrO₂生物陶瓷挤出成形支架及其性能研究[J]. 中国机械工程, 2026, 37(6): 1345-1352.

Figures/Tables 17

Tab.1 Overall dimensions of specimens

试件	模型	尺寸/mm
试件	模型	L	T	W
亲水性试件 $W i$ $(i = 1,2, 3,4, 5)$		25	2
压缩试件 $H i$ 、D $i$ $(i = 1,2, 3,4, 5)$		15	15	15
细胞毒性试件 $C j 0.6$ 、 $C 40, j$ $C 50, j$ 、 $C 60, j$ $(j = 1,2, 3)$		12	1.5

Tab.1 Overall dimensions of specimens

试件	模型	尺寸/mm
试件	模型	L	T	W
亲水性试件 $W i$ $(i = 1,2, 3,4, 5)$		25	2
压缩试件 $H i$ 、D $i$ $(i = 1,2, 3,4, 5)$		15	15	15
细胞毒性试件 $C j 0.6$ 、 $C 40, j$ $C 50, j$ 、 $C 60, j$ $(j = 1,2, 3)$		12	1.5

Tab. 2 Process parameter settings

过程参数	数值
喷嘴直径/mm	0.6
成形温度/℃	240
成形速度/（mm·s $- 1$ ）	25
床温/℃	100
线宽/mm	0.6
层厚/mm	0.2

Tab. 2 Process parameter settings

过程参数	数值
喷嘴直径/mm	0.6
成形温度/℃	240
成形速度/（mm·s $- 1$ ）	25
床温/℃	100
线宽/mm	0.6
层厚/mm	0.2

Fig.1 Schematic diagrams of porous scaffold structures

Fig.2 Thermal debinding/sintering curve

Fig.3 Contact angle

Fig.4 Cell seeding on scaffolds

Fig.5 Images of specimens before and after sintering

Tab. 3 Debinding rate of CME specimens

试件	脱脂率/%	理论脱脂率/%	误差/%
H-1	18.34	18.35	0.03
H-2	18.34		0.01
H-3	18.39		0.26
H-4	18.33		0.06
H-5	18.33		0.08
D-1	18.33		0.09
D-2	18.36		0.07
D-3	18.31		0.20
D-4	18.33		0.11
D-5	18.37		0.11

Tab. 4 Density and relative density of CME sintered specimens

试件	密度/（g∙cm $- 3$ ）	理论密度/（g∙cm $- 3$ ）	相对密度/%
H-1	5.94	6.05	98.17
H-2	5.99		98.99
H-3	5.96		98.43
H-4	5.97		98.68
H-5	5.94		98.18
D-1	5.93		97.95
D-2	5.95		98.26
D-3	5.90		97.44
D-4	5.93		98.03
D-5	5.94		98.13

Tab. 4 Density and relative density of CME sintered specimens

试件	密度/（g∙cm $- 3$ ）	理论密度/（g∙cm $- 3$ ）	相对密度/%
H-1	5.94	6.05	98.17
H-2	5.99		98.99
H-3	5.96		98.43
H-4	5.97		98.68
H-5	5.94		98.18
D-1	5.93		97.95
D-2	5.95		98.26
D-3	5.90		97.44
D-4	5.93		98.03
D-5	5.94		98.13

Tab.5 Shrinkage rate of CME sintered specimens

试件	x方向收缩率/%	y方向收缩率/%	z方向收缩率/%
H-1	26.39	26.68	26.24
H-2	26.17	26.62	26.06
H-3	25.97	26.76	25.84
H-4	26.20	26.59	26.21
H-5	26.07	26.43	26.05
D-1	26.46	26.30	26.63
D-2	26.26	26.73	26.54
D-3	26.52	26.43	26.28
D-4	26.51	26.79	25.99
D-5	26.43	26.37	26.49

Tab. 6 Porosity of CME sintered specimens

试件	孔隙率/%	试件	孔隙率/%
H-1	55.83	D-1	56.75
H-2	57.42	D-2	56.33
H-3	57.28	D-3	55.40
H-4	56.42	D-4	55.97
H-5	57.40	D-5	53.99

Fig.6 Surface morphology of green-body and sintered specimens

Fig.7 Cross-sectional microstructure of green-body and sintered specimens

Fig.8 Water contact angle of specimens

Fig.9 Stress-strain curves of porous structure specimens

Tab.7 Compressive strength and elastic modulus of porous structure specimens

试件	抗压强度/MPa	压缩模量/GPa
H-1	153.05	5.68
H-2	145.91	5.27
H-3	148.14	6.20
H-4	147.14	4.75
H-5	146.23	6.56
D-1	120.10	5.99
D-2	128.67	4.91
D-3	117.63	5.74
D-4	119.93	4.21
D-5	123.74	4.94

Fig.10 Relative cell viability

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Study on ZrO₂ Bio-ceramic Material Extrusion Scaffolds and Properties

ZrO₂生物陶瓷挤出成形支架及其性能研究

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