China Mechanical Engineering ›› 2026, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (6): 1383-1392.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.06.011
GUO Jiongqi(
), YU Panyu, LIU Qingtao(
), LYU Jingxiang, ZHANG Yichao
Received:2025-04-21
Online:2026-06-25
Published:2026-07-17
Contact:
LIU Qingtao
通讯作者:
刘清涛
作者简介:郭炯棋,男,2001年生,硕士研究生。研究方向为电子增材制造。E-mail: 2441428130@qq.com基金资助:CLC Number:
GUO Jiongqi, YU Panyu, LIU Qingtao, LYU Jingxiang, ZHANG Yichao. Optimization of Flexible Circuit Inkjet Printinges Processes Based on Response Surface Methodology and IGWO Algorithm[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 37(6): 1383-1392.
郭炯棋, 于攀宇, 刘清涛, 吕景祥, 张义超. 基于响应面法与改进灰狼算法的柔性电路喷墨打印工艺优化[J]. 中国机械工程, 2026, 37(6): 1383-1392.
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URL: https://www.cmemo.org.cn/EN/10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2026.06.011
| 水平 | 因素 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 打印速度A/(mm∙s | 基板温度B/℃ | 打印层数C | |
| 30 | 120 | 3 | |
| 0 | 35 | 130 | 6 |
| 1 | 40 | 140 | 9 |
Tab.1 Test factors and levels of response surface
| 水平 | 因素 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 打印速度A/(mm∙s | 基板温度B/℃ | 打印层数C | |
| 30 | 120 | 3 | |
| 0 | 35 | 130 | 6 |
| 1 | 40 | 140 | 9 |
| 组号 | 打印速度/ (mm∙s | 基板温度/℃ | 打印 层数 | 电阻/Ω | 线宽/µm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 35 | 130 | 6 | 7.5 | 261.754 |
| 2 | 35 | 140 | 3 | 17.6 | 164.743 |
| 3 | 40 | 130 | 3 | 16.3 | 132.328 |
| 4 | 35 | 130 | 6 | 8.1 | 251.312 |
| 5 | 35 | 120 | 9 | 4.8 | 300.431 |
| 6 | 30 | 130 | 3 | 20.2 | 341.514 |
| 7 | 35 | 120 | 3 | 12.8 | 234.712 |
| 8 | 35 | 140 | 9 | 6.1 | 298.341 |
| 9 | 30 | 140 | 6 | 10.2 | 387.534 |
| 10 | 40 | 140 | 6 | 10.9 | 211.634 |
| 11 | 40 | 120 | 6 | 7.6 | 175.421 |
| 12 | 40 | 130 | 9 | 7.9 | 143.467 |
| 13 | 35 | 130 | 6 | 7.1 | 275.374 |
| 14 | 35 | 130 | 6 | 6.8 | 254.674 |
| 15 | 30 | 120 | 6 | 8.6 | 495.543 |
| 16 | 30 | 130 | 9 | 5.5 | 521.482 |
| 17 | 35 | 130 | 6 | 7.4 | 258.754 |
Tab.2 Test design and results of response surface
| 组号 | 打印速度/ (mm∙s | 基板温度/℃ | 打印 层数 | 电阻/Ω | 线宽/µm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 35 | 130 | 6 | 7.5 | 261.754 |
| 2 | 35 | 140 | 3 | 17.6 | 164.743 |
| 3 | 40 | 130 | 3 | 16.3 | 132.328 |
| 4 | 35 | 130 | 6 | 8.1 | 251.312 |
| 5 | 35 | 120 | 9 | 4.8 | 300.431 |
| 6 | 30 | 130 | 3 | 20.2 | 341.514 |
| 7 | 35 | 120 | 3 | 12.8 | 234.712 |
| 8 | 35 | 140 | 9 | 6.1 | 298.341 |
| 9 | 30 | 140 | 6 | 10.2 | 387.534 |
| 10 | 40 | 140 | 6 | 10.9 | 211.634 |
| 11 | 40 | 120 | 6 | 7.6 | 175.421 |
| 12 | 40 | 130 | 9 | 7.9 | 143.467 |
| 13 | 35 | 130 | 6 | 7.1 | 275.374 |
| 14 | 35 | 130 | 6 | 6.8 | 254.674 |
| 15 | 30 | 120 | 6 | 8.6 | 495.543 |
| 16 | 30 | 130 | 9 | 5.5 | 521.482 |
| 17 | 35 | 130 | 6 | 7.4 | 258.754 |
| 来源 | 均方差 | F值 | P值 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 模型 | 35.10 | 83.92 | <0.0001 |
| A | 0.4050 | 0.9682 | 0.3579 |
| B | 15.13 | 36.16 | 0.0005 |
| C | 226.84 | 542.32 | <0.0001 |
| AB | 0.7225 | 1.73 | 0.2302 |
| AC | 9.92 | 23.72 | 0.0018 |
| BC | 3.06 | 7.32 | 0.0304 |
| A2 | 17.65 | 42.20 | 0.0003 |
| B2 | 0.0442 | 0.1058 | 0.7545 |
| C2 | 39.10 | 93.49 | <0.0001 |
| 失拟项 | 0.6600 | 2.78 | 0.1738 |
Tab.3 Analysis of variance table of the resistance regression model
| 来源 | 均方差 | F值 | P值 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 模型 | 35.10 | 83.92 | <0.0001 |
| A | 0.4050 | 0.9682 | 0.3579 |
| B | 15.13 | 36.16 | 0.0005 |
| C | 226.84 | 542.32 | <0.0001 |
| AB | 0.7225 | 1.73 | 0.2302 |
| AC | 9.92 | 23.72 | 0.0018 |
| BC | 3.06 | 7.32 | 0.0304 |
| A2 | 17.65 | 42.20 | 0.0003 |
| B2 | 0.0442 | 0.1058 | 0.7545 |
| C2 | 39.10 | 93.49 | <0.0001 |
| 失拟项 | 0.6600 | 2.78 | 0.1738 |
| 来源 | 均方差 | F值 | P值 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 模型 | 21 443.70 | 107.85 | <0.0001 |
| A | 146 700 | 737.69 | <0.0001 |
| B | 2586.78 | 13.01 | 0.0087 |
| C | 19 053.86 | 95.83 | <0.0001 |
| AB | 5200.00 | 26.15 | 0.0014 |
| AC | 7125.81 | 35.84 | 0.0005 |
| BC | 1151.89 | 5.79 | 0.0470 |
| A2 | 8967.75 | 45.10 | 0.0003 |
| B2 | 510.33 | 2.57 | 0.1532 |
| C2 | 2005.80 | 10.09 | 0.0156 |
| 失拟项 | 349.21 | 4.06 | 0.1047 |
Tab.4 Analysis of variance table of the linear width regression model
| 来源 | 均方差 | F值 | P值 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 模型 | 21 443.70 | 107.85 | <0.0001 |
| A | 146 700 | 737.69 | <0.0001 |
| B | 2586.78 | 13.01 | 0.0087 |
| C | 19 053.86 | 95.83 | <0.0001 |
| AB | 5200.00 | 26.15 | 0.0014 |
| AC | 7125.81 | 35.84 | 0.0005 |
| BC | 1151.89 | 5.79 | 0.0470 |
| A2 | 8967.75 | 45.10 | 0.0003 |
| B2 | 510.33 | 2.57 | 0.1532 |
| C2 | 2005.80 | 10.09 | 0.0156 |
| 失拟项 | 349.21 | 4.06 | 0.1047 |
| 因素 | R2 | R | R |
|---|---|---|---|
| 电阻 | 0.9908 | 0.9790 | 0.8960 |
| 线宽 | 0.9928 | 0.9836 | 0.9110 |
Tab.5 Error statistical analysis table of resistance and line width regression model
| 因素 | R2 | R | R |
|---|---|---|---|
| 电阻 | 0.9908 | 0.9790 | 0.8960 |
| 线宽 | 0.9928 | 0.9836 | 0.9110 |
| 算法 | Ave | Std | t | t-test(IGWO.vs其他) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P值 | 95%置信区间 | Cohen's d | 稳定性排名 | ||||
| SMA | 0.132 | 0.0148 | 1.102 | <10 | [ | 2 | |
| ZOA | 0.078 | 0.0233 | 0.776 | 3×10 | [ | 4 | |
| IGWO | 0.052 | 0.0145 | 0.587 | 1 | |||
| GWO | 0.062 | 0.0194 | 0.954 | <10 | [ | 3 | |
Tab.6 Comparison of optimization results of 30 independent runs of different algorithms
| 算法 | Ave | Std | t | t-test(IGWO.vs其他) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P值 | 95%置信区间 | Cohen's d | 稳定性排名 | ||||
| SMA | 0.132 | 0.0148 | 1.102 | <10 | [ | 2 | |
| ZOA | 0.078 | 0.0233 | 0.776 | 3×10 | [ | 4 | |
| IGWO | 0.052 | 0.0145 | 0.587 | 1 | |||
| GWO | 0.062 | 0.0194 | 0.954 | <10 | [ | 3 | |
| 组号 | 打印速度/(mm∙s | 基板 温度/℃ | 打印 层数 | 电阻 | 线宽 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 实验值/Ω | 预测值/Ω | 误差/% | 实验值/µm | 预测值/µm | 误差/% | ||||
| 1 | 25 | 120 | 3 | 27.2 | 26.1 | 4.22 | 701.345 | 678.809 | 3.32 |
| 2 | 25 | 125 | 3 | 26.5 | 26.9 | 1.53 | 599.744 | 617.021 | 2.8 |
| 3 | 25 | 130 | 3 | 29.2 | 27.6 | 5.92 | 574.868 | 560.737 | 2.52 |
| 4 | 25 | 135 | 3 | 27.5 | 28.3 | 2.83 | 500.065 | 509.958 | 1.94 |
| 5 | 25 | 140 | 3 | 30.0 | 28.9 | 3.74 | 482.435 | 464.684 | 3.82 |
| 6 | 30 | 120 | 3 | 17.4 | 17.7 | 1.6 | 408.953 | 411.108 | 0.53 |
| 7 | 30 | 125 | 3 | 18.3 | 18.7 | 1.7 | 364.997 | 367.347 | 0.64 |
| 8 | 30 | 135 | 3 | 20.1 | 20.5 | 1.84 | 274.798 | 296.34 | 7.84 |
| 9 | 30 | 140 | 3 | 19.6 | 21.3 | 8.89 | 259.727 | 269.094 | 3.61 |
| 10 | 32.5 | 120 | 3 | 14.1 | 15 | 6.26 | 310.775 | 311.87 | 0.35 |
| 11 | 32.5 | 125 | 3 | 15.7 | 16.1 | 2.97 | 267.397 | 277.123 | 3.64 |
| 12 | 32.5 | 130 | 3 | 16.4 | 17.2 | 4.69 | 246.835 | 247.881 | 0.42 |
| 13 | 32.5 | 135 | 3 | 16.5 | 18.2 | 9.84 | 223.401 | 224.144 | 0.33 |
| 14 | 32.5 | 140 | 3 | 18.6 | 19.1 | 2.94 | 200.045 | 205.911 | 2.93 |
| 15 | 35 | 125 | 3 | 14.2 | 14.6 | 2.79 | 199.217 | 209.974 | 5.4 |
| 16 | 35 | 130 | 3 | 15.2 | 15.8 | 3.95 | 178.204 | 189.746 | 6.48 |
| 17 | 35 | 135 | 3 | 15.7 | 16.9 | 7.59 | 161.073 | 175.023 | 8.66 |
| 18 | 37.5 | 120 | 6 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 3.94 | 204.06 | 215.175 | 5.45 |
| 19 | 37.5 | 125 | 6 | 6.4 | 7 | 8.53 | 202.41 | 206.941 | 2.24 |
| 20 | 37.5 | 130 | 6 | 7.6 | 7.8 | 2.03 | 199.607 | 204.211 | 2.31 |
| 21 | 37.5 | 135 | 6 | 8.1 | 8.5 | 5.45 | 202.95 | 206.986 | 1.99 |
| 22 | 37.5 | 140 | 6 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 1.27 | 213.926 | 215.266 | 1.63 |
| 23 | 40 | 120 | 9 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 1.5 | 168.148 | 170.747 | 1.55 |
| 24 | 40 | 125 | 9 | 7.8 | 8 | 3.25 | 138.583 | 141.123 | 1.83 |
| 25 | 40 | 135 | 9 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 2.84 | 173.258 | 176.166 | 1.68 |
| 26 | 40 | 140 | 9 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 2.46 | 197.315 | 201.944 | 2.35 |
| 27 | 45 | 120 | 9 | 27.2 | 14.6 | 4.22 | 701.345 | 678.809 | 3.32 |
| 28 | 45 | 125 | 9 | 26.5 | 15.3 | 1.53 | 599.744 | 617.021 | 2.8 |
| 29 | 45 | 130 | 9 | 29.2 | 15.9 | 5.92 | 574.868 | 560.737 | 2.52 |
| 30 | 45 | 135 | 9 | 27.5 | 16.6 | 2.83 | 500.065 | 509.958 | 1.94 |
| 31 | 45 | 140 | 9 | 30.0 | 17.2 | 3.74 | 482.435 | 464.684 | 3.82 |
| 32 | 39 | 120 | 8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 1.45 | 128.804 | 131.858 | 2.37 |
| 电阻平均误差/% | 3.88 | 线宽平均误差/% | 2.91 | ||||||
Table.7 Measurement of resistance and linewidth
| 组号 | 打印速度/(mm∙s | 基板 温度/℃ | 打印 层数 | 电阻 | 线宽 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 实验值/Ω | 预测值/Ω | 误差/% | 实验值/µm | 预测值/µm | 误差/% | ||||
| 1 | 25 | 120 | 3 | 27.2 | 26.1 | 4.22 | 701.345 | 678.809 | 3.32 |
| 2 | 25 | 125 | 3 | 26.5 | 26.9 | 1.53 | 599.744 | 617.021 | 2.8 |
| 3 | 25 | 130 | 3 | 29.2 | 27.6 | 5.92 | 574.868 | 560.737 | 2.52 |
| 4 | 25 | 135 | 3 | 27.5 | 28.3 | 2.83 | 500.065 | 509.958 | 1.94 |
| 5 | 25 | 140 | 3 | 30.0 | 28.9 | 3.74 | 482.435 | 464.684 | 3.82 |
| 6 | 30 | 120 | 3 | 17.4 | 17.7 | 1.6 | 408.953 | 411.108 | 0.53 |
| 7 | 30 | 125 | 3 | 18.3 | 18.7 | 1.7 | 364.997 | 367.347 | 0.64 |
| 8 | 30 | 135 | 3 | 20.1 | 20.5 | 1.84 | 274.798 | 296.34 | 7.84 |
| 9 | 30 | 140 | 3 | 19.6 | 21.3 | 8.89 | 259.727 | 269.094 | 3.61 |
| 10 | 32.5 | 120 | 3 | 14.1 | 15 | 6.26 | 310.775 | 311.87 | 0.35 |
| 11 | 32.5 | 125 | 3 | 15.7 | 16.1 | 2.97 | 267.397 | 277.123 | 3.64 |
| 12 | 32.5 | 130 | 3 | 16.4 | 17.2 | 4.69 | 246.835 | 247.881 | 0.42 |
| 13 | 32.5 | 135 | 3 | 16.5 | 18.2 | 9.84 | 223.401 | 224.144 | 0.33 |
| 14 | 32.5 | 140 | 3 | 18.6 | 19.1 | 2.94 | 200.045 | 205.911 | 2.93 |
| 15 | 35 | 125 | 3 | 14.2 | 14.6 | 2.79 | 199.217 | 209.974 | 5.4 |
| 16 | 35 | 130 | 3 | 15.2 | 15.8 | 3.95 | 178.204 | 189.746 | 6.48 |
| 17 | 35 | 135 | 3 | 15.7 | 16.9 | 7.59 | 161.073 | 175.023 | 8.66 |
| 18 | 37.5 | 120 | 6 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 3.94 | 204.06 | 215.175 | 5.45 |
| 19 | 37.5 | 125 | 6 | 6.4 | 7 | 8.53 | 202.41 | 206.941 | 2.24 |
| 20 | 37.5 | 130 | 6 | 7.6 | 7.8 | 2.03 | 199.607 | 204.211 | 2.31 |
| 21 | 37.5 | 135 | 6 | 8.1 | 8.5 | 5.45 | 202.95 | 206.986 | 1.99 |
| 22 | 37.5 | 140 | 6 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 1.27 | 213.926 | 215.266 | 1.63 |
| 23 | 40 | 120 | 9 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 1.5 | 168.148 | 170.747 | 1.55 |
| 24 | 40 | 125 | 9 | 7.8 | 8 | 3.25 | 138.583 | 141.123 | 1.83 |
| 25 | 40 | 135 | 9 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 2.84 | 173.258 | 176.166 | 1.68 |
| 26 | 40 | 140 | 9 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 2.46 | 197.315 | 201.944 | 2.35 |
| 27 | 45 | 120 | 9 | 27.2 | 14.6 | 4.22 | 701.345 | 678.809 | 3.32 |
| 28 | 45 | 125 | 9 | 26.5 | 15.3 | 1.53 | 599.744 | 617.021 | 2.8 |
| 29 | 45 | 130 | 9 | 29.2 | 15.9 | 5.92 | 574.868 | 560.737 | 2.52 |
| 30 | 45 | 135 | 9 | 27.5 | 16.6 | 2.83 | 500.065 | 509.958 | 1.94 |
| 31 | 45 | 140 | 9 | 30.0 | 17.2 | 3.74 | 482.435 | 464.684 | 3.82 |
| 32 | 39 | 120 | 8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 1.45 | 128.804 | 131.858 | 2.37 |
| 电阻平均误差/% | 3.88 | 线宽平均误差/% | 2.91 | ||||||
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