深孔零件轴线直线度误差的在线测量与评定技术研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2025.09.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为实现深孔零件轴线直线度误差的精准在线测量，融合电涡流位移传感器、电磁超声换能器、旋转编码器和激光干涉仪构建了一种多传感器集成式在线测量系统。通过分析空间样点集的排列分布状态，提出了基于正余弦分布特性的粗大误差过滤法，并利用卡尔曼滤波法降低了随机误差的影响，获得了更接近零件真实轮廓的数据信息。以逼近最小区域为原则，将轴线直线度误差评定转化为参数优化问题，并采用改进斑马优化算法对该问题进行求解。经商用激光跟踪仪的对比测量实验，开发测量系统在1500 mm的深孔零件（内径为150 mm）长度范围内的测量误差仅为0.053 mm，直线度测量误差小于0.065 mm/m，满足企业要求的直线度误差0.15 mm/m，能够有效指导深孔零件的加工过程。

关键词: 深孔零件, 轴线直线度误差, 多传感器集成式在线测量, 改进斑马优化算法

Abstract:

To realize the accurate online measurement of axis straightness errors for deep-hole parts， a multi-sensor integrated measurement system was constructed by eddy current displacement sensors， electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer， rotary encoder and laser interferometer. By analyzing the arrangement and distribution of spatial sample points， a rough error filtering method was proposed based on sine and cosine distribution characteristics， and the influences of random errors were reduced by Kalman filtering method， and data information closer to the real contour of parts was obtained. Based on the principle of approaching the minimum area， the evaluation of axis straightness errors was transformed into a parameter optimization problem， and the IZOA was adopted to solve this problem. In the comparative measurement experiments of commercial laser trackers， the measurement error of the developed measurement system is only 0.053 mm in the length range of 1500 mm deep-hole parts（with an inner diameter of 150 mm）， and the straightness measurement errors are less than 0.065 mm/m， which meets the requirements of enterprises（0.15 mm/m） and may effectively guide the machining processes of deep-hole parts.

Key words: deep-hole part, axis straightness error, multi-sensor integrated online measurement, improved zebra optimization algorithm （IZOA）

中图分类号:

TH161.12

沈文华, 王西彬, 钱泳豪, 刘志兵, 宋慈. 深孔零件轴线直线度误差的在线测量与评定技术研究[J]. 中国机械工程, 2025, 36(9): 2011-2021.

Wenhua SHEN, Xibin WANG, Yonghao QIAN, Zhibing LIU, Ci SONG. Research on Online Measurement and Evaluation of Axial Straightness Errors for Deep-hole Parts[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 36(9): 2011-2021.

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链接本文: https://www.cmemo.org.cn/CN/10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2025.09.013

https://www.cmemo.org.cn/CN/Y2025/V36/I9/2011

图/表 14

图1 轴线直线度误差示意图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of axis straightness error

图2 多传感器集成式在线测量系统

Fig.2 Multi-sensor integrated online measurement system

表1 各传感器的重复性和示值误差

Tab.1 Repeatability and indication error of each sensor

传感器	重复性	示值误差
电涡流位移传感器	1 μm	0.015 mm
旋转编码器	1 $″$	20 $″$
激光干涉仪	0.01 μm	0.5 μm/m

表1 各传感器的重复性和示值误差

Tab.1 Repeatability and indication error of each sensor

传感器	重复性	示值误差
电涡流位移传感器	1 μm	0.015 mm
旋转编码器	1 $″$	20 $″$
激光干涉仪	0.01 μm	0.5 μm/m

图3 自适应距离调整机构结构

Fig.3 Structure of self-adaptive distance adjustment mechanism

图4 自适应距离调整机构提离距离控制原理

Fig.4 Lift-off distance control principle of self-adaptive distance adjustment mechanism

图5 粗大误差与随机误差

Fig.5 Gross error and random error

图6 数据滤波

Fig.6 Data filtering

图7 ZOA流程图

Fig.7 Flow chart of ZOA

图8 仿真测试结果

Fig.8 Simulation test results

图9 误差评定算法对比

Fig.9 Comparison of error evaluation algorithms

图10 激光跟踪仪测量点采样

Fig.10 Sampling of measuring points of laser tracker

图11 实验现场

Fig.11 Experimental site

图12 两测量系统的提取轴线

Fig.12 Extraction axes of two measurement systems

表2 两测量系统测得的轴线直线度误差 (mm)

Tab.2 Axis straightness errors measured by two measurement systems

测量长度	轴线直线度误差
测量长度	在线测量系统	激光跟踪仪	标准值
900	0.452	0.419	0.430
1200	0.581	0.603	0.590
1500	0.717	0.664	0.670

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