超声波辅助选择性电沉积技术研究进展

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

选择性电沉积技术可用于机械零件局部表面功能性涂层的制备，还可用于局部损失部位的尺寸恢复，该技术具有沉积电流密度大、沉积速度快的特点，但同时存在沉积层残余应力大、易产生裂纹、质量不均匀等不足。将超声波引入选择性电沉积可减小沉积层的内应力，提高沉积层的硬度和耐腐蚀性能，实现机械零件局部高性能涂层的制备及小型精密件的快速成形。介绍了浸没式超声辅助选择性电沉积、超声辅助喷射电沉积以及工件振动式超声辅助喷射电沉积等超声波在选择性电沉积技术中的应用方式，重点介绍了超声波对镀层表面形貌、相结构、硬度、耐磨性、耐腐蚀性等的影响，探讨了超声空化、热效应和机械效应等超声波影响选择性电沉积的机理，并指出了超声波辅助选择性电沉积技术存在的问题及发展方向。

关键词: 超声波, 选择性的, 电沉积, 快速成形

Abstract:

Selective electrodeposition could be used to prepare functional coating on the local surface of mechanical parts and to recover the size of their local damages. This technique possessed the characteristics of high deposition current density and deposition speed, and the problems of high residual stress, easy to crack and uniform quality in the deposition coating. If ultrasound was introduced in the elective electrodeposition, the coating residual stress will be reduced, the coating hardness and corrosion resistance will be improved, so that ultrasonic assisted selective electrodeposition could be used for preparation of high-performance coatings on local areas of mechanical parts and rapid prototyping of small precision parts.The application mode of ultrasonic in selective electrodeposition technology such as immersion ultrasonic assisted selective electrodeposition, ultrasonic assisted jet electrodeposition, and jet electrodeposition with substrate ultrasonic frequency vibrated were listed herein. The effects of ultrasound on the coating surface morphology, phase structure, hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, etc. were introduced.The mechanism of ultrasound affected selective electrodeposition such as ultrasonic cavitation, thermal effects and mechanical effects was discussed.And the problems and development direction of the ultrasonic assisted selective electrodeposition were pointed out.

Key words: ultrasonic, selective, electrodeposition;rapid prototype

中图分类号:

TG663

兰龙, 谭俊, 杜军, 王猛. 超声波辅助选择性电沉积技术研究进展[J]. 中国机械工程, 2015, 26(9): 1260-1270.

Lan Long, Tan Jun, Du Jun, Wang Meng. Review of Ultrasonic Assisted Selective Electrodeposition[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2015, 26(9): 1260-1270.

参考文献

[1]徐剑刚，余新泉. 电沉积纳米晶镍的研究现状及展望[J].材料导报， 2006,20(增刊1):30-33.
Xu Jiangang, Yu Xinquan. Research Status and Prospects of Electrodeposited Nanocrystalline Nickel[J].Materials Review, 2006, 20(S1): 30-33.
[2]张荣光，黄皓，罗建国. 手机零件的连续选择性电镀技术[J].涂料涂装与电镀，2005, 3(1):28-32.
Zhang Rongguang, Huang Hao, Luo Jianguo. The Series Selectivity Electroplating Technology of Mobile Phone’s Accessory[J]. Coatings Painting & Electroplating, 2005, 3(1):28-32.
[3]Vogelaere M D, Sommer V, Springborn H. High-speed Plating for Electronic Applications[J].Electrochimica Acta，2001, 47: 109-116.
[4]牛晓敏，夏亚涛. 超声波在电沉积过程中的应用[J].材料热处理技术， 2010, 39(24):228-230.
Niu Xiaomin, Xia Yatao. Applications of Ultrasonic in Electro-deposition Process[J]. Material & Heat Treatment, 2010, 39(24):228-230.
[5]何龙，徐婷，谭业发，等. 超声波在电镀技术中应用[J]. 电镀与精饰， 2011, 33(7): 29-33.
He Long，Xu Ting，Tan Yefa, et al.Application Progress of Ultrasonic in Electroplating Technology[J]. Plating and Finishing, 2011, 33(7): 29-33.
[6]包胜华，吴蒙华，刘正宁，等. 功率超声在电沉积Ni/ 纳米Al2O3 复合镀层中应用[J]. 现代制造工程, 2004（9）: 3-5.
Bao Shenghua, Wu Menghua, Liu Zhengning, et al.Study of Applying High-intensity Ultrasonic in Electrodepositing Ni/Nano Al2O3 Composite Coating[J]. Modern Manufacturing Engineering,2004（9）: 3-5.
[7]Gadkari S A, Nayfeh T H. Micro Fabrication Using Electro Deposition and Ultrasonic Acoustic Liquid Manipulation[J]. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol.， 2008, 39:107-117.
[8]John H. Improving Plating by Use of Intense Acoustic Beams[R]. California’s Silicon Valley: Santa Clara University,2003.
[9]von Gutfeld R J, Vigliotti D R, Wickramasinghe H K. Acoustic-jet Plating of Gold and Copper at 7.5MHz[J]. Appl. Phys.Lett., 1987, 50(7): 383-385.
[10]谭俊，吴迪，高玉琳，等. 超声辅助喷射电沉积Ni镀层的表面形貌及硬度[J]. 装甲兵工程学院学报, 2011, 25(4): 80-83.
Tan Jun,Wu Di,Gao Yulin, et al. Surface Morphology and Hardness of Ni Coatings by UltrasonicAssisted Jet Electrodeposition[J]. Journal of Academy of Armored Forces Engineering, 2011, 25(4): 80-83.
[11]Wu H, Zhao G,Mu J, et al. Effects of Ultrasonic Dispersion on Structure of Electrodeposited Ni Coating on AZ91D Magnesium Alloy[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2010 （S2）: 703-701.
[12]Balachandran R, Yowa H K, Ong B H, et al. Effects of Ultrasonic Field in Pulse Electrodeposition of NiFe Film on Cu Substrate[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2009, 481: 336-339.
[13]申晨，薛玉君，库祥臣，等. 超声波对Ni-ZrO2纳米复合镀层微观结构和显微硬度的影响[J]. 机械工程材料, 2010,34(7): 80-83, 94.
Shen Chen, Xue Yujun, Ku Xiangchen, et al. Effect of Ultrasonic on Microstructure and Microhardness of Ni-ZrO2Nanocomposite Coating[J].Materials for Mechanical Engineering, 2010,34(7): 80-83, 94.
[14]孙勇. 超声波电沉积Ni-CeO2纳米复合镀层的工艺及耐磨性能研究[D].洛阳：河南科技大学, 2007.
[15]夏法锋. 超声-电沉积镍基TiN纳米复合镀层的研究[D]. 大连：大连理工大学, 2008.
[16]Chang L M, Guo H F, An M Z. Electrodeposition of Ni-Co/Al2O3 Composite Coating by Pulse Reverse Method Underultrasonic Condition[J].Materials Letters, 2008, 62:3313-3315.
[17]Mallik A, Ray B C. Morphological Study of Electrodeposited Copper under the Influence of Ultrasound and Low Temperature[J]. Thin Solid Films, 2009, 517: 6612-6616.
[18]郑环宇. (Zn-Ni)-Al2O3纳米复合镀层的制备及耐蚀性能研究[D]. 哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学，2007.
[19]Richardson K A,Lanchester P C, Birkin P R, et al. Towards the Electrochemical Manufacture of Superconductor Precursor Films in the Presence of an Ultrasonic Field[J]. Journal of Elctroanalytical Chemistry, 1997,420: 21-24.
[20]楼莹. 电沉积非晶态Pd-Ni-P合金及其性能研究[D]. 杭州：浙江师范大学, 2008.
[21]申晨，薛玉君，刘红彬，等. 超声电沉积法制备Ni-Y2O3纳米复合镀层的工艺[J]. 材料保护, 2009, 42(7): 25-28.
Shen Chen, Xue Yujun, Liu Hongbin, et al. Process for Preparation of Ni-Nano Y2O3 Composite Coating by Electrodeposition in the Presence of Ultrasonic Irradiation[J]. Materials Protection, 2009, 42(7): 25-28.
[22]Garcia-Lecina E, Diez J A, Morgiel J, et al. A comparative Study of the Effect of Mechanical and Ultrasound Agitation on the Properties of Electrodeposited Ni/Al2O3 Nanocomposite Coatings[J]. Surface & Coatings Technology, 2012, 206: 2998-3005.
[23]李延伟，尚雄，黄晓曦, 等. 超声波对硫酸盐镀镍及镀层性能的影响研究[J]. 电镀与精饰, 2012, 34(6): 10-14.
Li Yanwei，Shang Xiong，Huang Xiaoxi, et al. Effects of Ultrasonic on the Process and Characteristics of Nickel Electrodeposition in Sulfate Electrolyte[J]. Plating and Finishing, 2012, 34(6): 10-14.
[24]王秀芝，于爱兵. 超声波对镍镀层硬度的影响[J]. 电镀与精饰, 2007, 29(3): 18-20.
Wang Xiuzhi, Yu Aibing, Influence of Ultrasonic on Hardness of Electroplated Nickel Coating[J]. Plating and Finishing, 2007, 29(3): 18-20.
[25]方小红. 超声波电镀镍基金刚石钻头工艺与机理研究[D]. 北京：中国地质大学，2008.
[26]Zheng H Y,An M Z. Electrodeposition of Zn-Ni-Al2O3 Nanocompositecoatings under Ultrasound Conditions[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2008,459:548-552.
[27]王飙. 超声场对非晶态Ni-W-P及Ni-W-P/纳米ZrO2镀层电沉积的影响[D]. 天津：天津大学, 2007.
[28]代梅，王金东，马春阳,等. 镍基纳米氮化钛复合镀层的超声辅助电沉积[J]. 电镀与涂饰, 2011, 30(3): 4-6.
Dai Mei, Wang Jindong, Ma Chunyang, et al.Ultrasonic-assisted Electrodeposition of Ni-based nano-TiN Composite Coating[J]. Electroplating & Finishing, 2011, 30(3): 4-6.
[29]Choi Y, Hahn Y S, Seong B S, et al. Study of the Effect of Ultrasonic Agitation on the Defects Size in Electro-deposited Chromium Layer by Small-angle Neutron Scattering[J]. Physica B, 2006, 385-386: 911-913.
[30]常立民，刘伟，段小月. 超声波对电沉积Ni-Al2O3复合镀层耐蚀性的影响[J]. 腐蚀科学与防护技术, 2010, 22(6): 526-529.
Chang Limin, Liu Wei, Duan Xiaoyue.Surface Morphology and Micro-structureof Ultrasonic-Electrodeposited Ni-Al2O3 Composite Coating[J].Electroplating & Pollution Control,2010, 22(6): 526-529.
[31]刘伟，张继德，段小月. 超声波对电沉积Ni-Al2O3复合镀层的影响[J]. 吉林师范大学学报:自然科学版,2010(3): 90-92.
Liu Wei, Zhang Jide, Duan Xiaoyue. Effects of Ultrasound on the Technology of Ni-Al2O3Composite Coating Obtained by Electrodeposition[J]. Journal of Jilin Normal University (Natural Science Edition),2010(3): 90-92.
[32]Touyeras F, Hihn J Y, Bourgoin X, et al. Effects of Ultrasonic Irradiation on the Properties of Coatings Obtained by Electroless Plating and Electro Plating[J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2005, 12: 13-19.
[33]Xia F F, Wu M H, Wang F, et al. Nanocomposite Ni-TiN Coatings Prepared by Ultrasonic Electrodeposition[J]. Current Applied Physics, 2009, 9: 44-50.
[34]王秦生，杨丽荣，方占江. 超声波强化电镀过程及改善镀层质量的机理[J]. 金刚石与磨料磨具工程, 2003, 34(4): 30-32.
Wang Qinsheng, Yang Lirong, Fang Zhanjiang. The Mechanism of Supersonic Wave Strenghtening Electroplating and Improving Layer Quality[J]. Diamond & Abrasives Engineering, 2003, 34(4): 30-32.
[35]张小星. 烧结NdFeB永磁体化学镀防腐研究[D]. 杭州：浙江大学，2005.
[36]王成会，林书玉. 超声空化效应对溶液电导率的影响[J]. 声学技术, 2006, 25(4): 309-312.
Wang Chenghui, Lin Shuyu. Impact of Ultrasonic Cavitation upon Electrical Conductivity of Solution[J]. Technical Acoustics, 2006, 25(4): 309-312.
[37]Dezhkunov N V, Kulak A I, Francescutt A, et al. The Effect of Ultrasonic Cavitation on Model Electrochemical Processes[J]. Ultrasonics, 1996, 34: 551-553.
[38]Skoczypiec S. Research on Ultrasonically Assisted Electrochemical Machining Process[J]. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2011, 52:565-574.
[39]魏小平，陈海钰，李建平. 仿金镀中超声波的作用[J]. 材料保护, 2009, 42(3): 34-38.
Wei Xiaoping, Chen Haiyu, Li Jianping. Action of Ultrasonic Wave in Gold-imitation ElectrolessPlating[J]. Materials Protection, 2009, 42(3): 34-38.
[40]超夏原，于升学，姚枚. 超声振动场对热浸镀稀土铝表面层厚度影响的动力学分析[J]. 钢铁研究学报, 2003, 15(6): 67-70.
Xia Yuan,Yu Shengxue, Yao Mei. Dynamics Analysis of Surface Layer Thickness Growth of Hot Dip
RE-Al Coating under Ultrasonic Vibration Field[J]. Journal of Iron and Steel Research, 2003, 15(6): 67-70.
[41]牛晓敏，夏亚涛. 超声波在电沉积过程中的应用[J].材料热处理技术, 2009, 39(24): 228-230.
Niu Xiaomin, Xia Yatao. Applications of Ultrasonic in Electro-deposition Process[J]. Material & Heat Treatment, 2009, 39(24): 228-230.
[42]查全性. 电极过程动力学导论[M]. 北京：科学出版社，2002:288-291.
[43]胡松青，李琳，陈玲，等. 功率超声作用下溶液温度变化的数学模拟[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2007, 35(4): 59-61.
Hu Songqing, Li Lin, Chen Ling, et al. Mathematical Simulation of Temperature Variation of Solution Irradiated by Power Ultrasound[J]. Journal of South China University of Technology(Natural Science Edition), 2007, 35(4): 59-61.
[44]程敬泉，姚素薇. 超声波在电化学中的应用[J]. 电镀与精饰, 2005, 27(1): 16-19, 28.
Cheng Jingquan, Yao Suwei. Application of Ultrasound in Electrochemistry[J].Plating and Finishing, 2005, 27(1): 16-19, 28.
[45]方小红. 超声波电镀镍及镍基复合镀层的研究进展[J]. 材料保护， 2008, 41(5): 58-60.
Fang Xiaohong. Research Progress for Ultrasound-Assisted Electroplating of Ni and Ni-Based Composite Coatings[J]. Materials Protection,2008, 41(5): 58-60.
[46]赵剑锋，黄因慧，吴安德. 射流电沉积快速成型技术基础试验研究[J]. 机械工程学报， 2003, 39(4): 75-78.
Zhao Jianfeng, Huang Yinhui, Wu Ande. Fundamental Experimental Study On Selective Electrodeposition Rapid Prototyping With Electrolyte Jet[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering， 2003, 39(4): 75-78.
[47]高玉琳，石恭臣，李亮亮，等.喷射电沉积快速成形技术的发展现状[C]//第七届全国表面工程学术会议暨第二届表面工程青年学术论坛论文集（二）. 武汉：《材料保护》杂志社，2008：64-69.